## 17.10. Client Connection Defaults

### 17.10.1. Statement Behavior

`search_path` (`string`)

  This variable specifies the order in which schemas are searched when an object (table, data type, function, etc.) is referenced by a simple name with no schema component. When there are objects of identical names in different schemas, the one found first in the search path is used. An object that is not in any of the schemas in the search path can only be referenced by specifying its containing schema with a qualified (dotted) name.

  The value for `search_path` has to be a comma-separated list of schema names. If one of the list items is the special value `$user`, then the schema having the name returned by `SESSION_USER` is substituted, if there is such a schema. (If not, `$user` is ignored.)

  The system catalog schema, `pg_catalog`, is always searched, whether it is mentioned in the path or not. If it is mentioned in the path then it will be searched in the specified order. If `pg_catalog` is not in the path then it will be searched before searching any of the path items. It should also be noted that the temporary-table schema, `pg_temp_`nnn``, is implicitly searched before any of these.

  When objects are created without specifying a particular target schema, they will be placed in the first schema listed in the search path. An error is reported if the search path is empty.

  The default value for this parameter is `'$user, public'` (where the second part will be ignored if there is no schema named `public`). This supports shared use of a database (where no users have private schemas, and all share use of `public`), private per-user schemas, and combinations of these. Other effects can be obtained by altering the default search path setting, either globally or per-user.

  The current effective value of the search path can be examined via the SQL function `current_schemas()`. This is not quite the same as examining the value of `search_path`, since `current_schemas()` shows how the requests appearing in `search_path` were resolved.

  For more information on schema handling, see Section 5.7, “Schemas”.

`default_tablespace` (`string`)

  This variable specifies the default tablespace in which to create objects (tables and indexes) when a `CREATE` command does not explicitly specify a tablespace.

  The value is either the name of a tablespace, or an empty string to specify using the default tablespace of the current database. If the value does not match the name of any existing tablespace, PostgreSQL will automatically use the default tablespace of the current database.

  For more information on tablespaces, see Section 19.6, “Tablespaces”.

`check_function_bodies` (`boolean`)

  This parameter is normally on. When set to `off`, it disables validation of the function body string during CREATE FUNCTION. Disabling validation is occasionally useful to avoid problems such as forward references when restoring function definitions from a dump.

`default_transaction_isolation` (`string`)

  Each SQL transaction has an isolation level, which can be either “read uncommitted”, “read committed”, “repeatable read”, or “serializable”. This parameter controls the default isolation level of each new transaction. The default is “read committed”.

  Consult Chapter 12, Concurrency Control and SET TRANSACTION for more information.

`default_transaction_read_only` (`boolean`)

  A read-only SQL transaction cannot alter non-temporary tables. This parameter controls the default read-only status of each new transaction. The default is `off` (read/write).

  Consult SET TRANSACTION for more information.

`statement_timeout` (`integer`)

  Abort any statement that takes over the specified number of milliseconds. If `log_min_error_statement` is set to `ERROR` or lower, the statement that timed out will also be logged. A value of zero (the default) turns off the limitation.

### 17.10.2. Locale and Formatting

`DateStyle` (`string`)

  Sets the display format for date and time values, as well as the rules for interpreting ambiguous date input values. For historical reasons, this variable contains two independent components: the output format specification (`ISO`, `Postgres`, `SQL`, or `German`) and the input/output specification for year/month/day ordering (`DMY`, `MDY`, or `YMD`). These can be set separately or together. The keywords `Euro` and `European` are synonyms for `DMY`; the keywords `US`, `NonEuro`, and `NonEuropean` are synonyms for `MDY`. See Section 8.5, “Date/Time Types” for more information. The default is `ISO, MDY`.

`timezone` (`string`)

  Sets the time zone for displaying and interpreting time stamps. The default is 'unknown', which means to use whatever the system environment specifies as the time zone. See Section 8.5, “Date/Time Types” for more information.

`australian_timezones` (`boolean`)

  If set to on, `ACST`, `CST`, `EST`, and `SAT` are interpreted as Australian time zones rather than as North/South American time zones and Saturday. The default is `off`.

`extra_float_digits` (`integer`)

  This parameter adjusts the number of digits displayed for floating-point values, including `float4`, `float8`, and geometric data types. The parameter value is added to the standard number of digits (`FLT_DIG` or `DBL_DIG` as appropriate). The value can be set as high as 2, to include partially-significant digits; this is especially useful for dumping float data that needs to be restored exactly. Or it can be set negative to suppress unwanted digits.

`client_encoding` (`string`)

  Sets the client-side encoding (character set). The default is to use the database encoding.

`lc_messages` (`string`)

  Sets the language in which messages are displayed. Acceptable values are system-dependent; see Section 21.1, “Locale Support” for more information. If this variable is set to the empty string (which is the default) then the value is inherited from the execution environment of the server in a system-dependent way.

  On some systems, this locale category does not exist. Setting this variable will still work, but there will be no effect. Also, there is a chance that no translated messages for the desired language exist. In that case you will continue to see the English messages.

`lc_monetary` (`string`)

  Sets the locale to use for formatting monetary amounts, for example with the `to_char` family of functions. Acceptable values are system-dependent; see Section 21.1, “Locale Support” for more information. If this variable is set to the empty string (which is the default) then the value is inherited from the execution environment of the server in a system-dependent way.

`lc_numeric` (`string`)

  Sets the locale to use for formatting numbers, for example with the `to_char` family of functions. Acceptable values are system-dependent; see Section 21.1, “Locale Support” for more information. If this variable is set to the empty string (which is the default) then the value is inherited from the execution environment of the server in a system-dependent way.

`lc_time` (`string`)

  Sets the locale to use for formatting date and time values. (Currently, this setting does nothing, but it may in the future.) Acceptable values are system-dependent; see Section 21.1, “Locale Support” for more information. If this variable is set to the empty string (which is the default) then the value is inherited from the execution environment of the server in a system-dependent way.

### 17.10.3. Other Defaults

`explain_pretty_print` (`boolean`)

  Determines whether `EXPLAIN VERBOSE` uses the indented or non-indented format for displaying detailed query-tree dumps. The default is `on`.

`dynamic_library_path` (`string`)

  If a dynamically loadable module needs to be opened and the file name specified in the `CREATE FUNCTION` or `LOAD` command does not have a directory component (i.e. the name does not contain a slash), the system will search this path for the required file.

  The value for `dynamic_library_path` has to be a list of absolute directory paths separated by colons (or semi-colons on Windows). If a list element starts with the special string `$libdir`, the compiled-in PostgreSQL package library directory is substituted for `$libdir`. This is where the modules provided by the standard PostgreSQL distribution are installed. (Use `pg_config --pkglibdir` to find out the name of this directory.) For example:

      dynamic_library_path = '/usr/local/lib/postgresql:/home/my_project/lib:$libdir'

  or, in a Windows environment:

      dynamic_library_path = 'C:\tools\postgresql;H:\my_project\lib;$libdir'

  The default value for this parameter is `'$libdir'`. If the value is set to an empty string, the automatic path search is turned off.

  This parameter can be changed at run time by superusers, but a setting done that way will only persist until the end of the client connection, so this method should be reserved for development purposes. The recommended way to set this parameter is in the `postgresql.conf` configuration file.