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# 19. Completion System

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## 19.1 Description

This describes the shell code for the new completion system. It consists of various shell functions; those beginning ``comp`' are to be called directly by the user, while those beginning ``_`' are called by the completion code. The shell functions of the second set which implement completion behaviour and which may be bound to keystrokes, are referred to as `widgets'.

19.2 Initialization |  |
19.3 Completion System Configuration |  |
19.4 Control Functions |  |
19.5 Bindable Commands |  |
19.6 Utility Functions |  |
19.7 Completion Directories |  |

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## 19.2 Initialization

If the system was installed completely, it should be enough to call the shell function `compinit` from your initialization file; see the next section. However, the function `compinstall` can be run by a user to configure various aspects of the completion system.

Usually, `compinstall` will insert code into `.zshrc`, although if that is not writable it will save it in another file and tell you that file's location. Note that it is up to you to make sure that the lines added to `.zshrc` are actually run; you may, for example, need to move them to an earlier place in the file if `.zshrc` usually returns early. So long as you keep them all together (including the comment lines at the start and finish), you can rerun `compinstall` and it will correctly locate and modify these lines. Note, however, that any code you add to this section by hand is likely to be lost if you rerun `compinstall`, although lines using the command ``zstyle`' should be gracefully handled.

The new code will take effect next time you start the shell, or run `.zshrc` by hand; there is also an option to make them take effect immediately. However, if `compinstall` has removed definitions, you will need to restart the shell to see the changes.

To run `compinstall` you will need to make sure it is in a directory mentioned in your `fpath` parameter, which should already be the case if zsh was properly configured as long as your startup files do not remove the appropriate directories from `fpath`. Then it must be autoloaded (``autoload -U compinstall`' is recommended). You can abort the installation any time you are being prompted for information, and your `.zshrc` will not be altered at all; changes only take place right at the end, where you are specifically asked for confirmation.

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### 19.2.1 Use of compinit

This section describes the use of `compinit` to initialize completion for the current session when run directly by the user; if you have run `compinstall` it will be called automatically from your `.zshrc`.

To initialize the system, the function `compinit` should be in a directory mentioned in the `fpath` parameter, and should be autoloaded (``autoload -U compinit`' is recommended), and then run simply as ``compinit`'. This will define a few utility functions, arrange for all the necessary shell functions to be autoloaded, and will then re-define all widgets that do completion to use the new system. If you use the `menu-select` widget, which is part of the `zsh/complist` module, you should make sure that that module is loaded before the call to `compinit` so that that widget is also re-defined. If completion styles (see below) are set up to perform expansion as well as completion by default, and the TAB key is bound to `expand-or-complete`, `compinit` will rebind it to `complete-word`; this is necessary to use the correct form of expansion.

Should you need to use the original completion commands, you can still bind keys to the old widgets by putting a ``.`' in front of the widget name, e.g. ``.expand-or-complete`'.

To speed up the running of `compinit`, it can be made to produce a dumped configuration which will be read in on future invocations; this is the default, although it can be turned off by calling `compinit` with the option `-D`. The dumped file is `.zcompdump` in the same directory as the startup files (i.e. `$ZDOTDIR` or `$HOME`); alternatively, an explicit file name can be given by ``compinit -d` dumpfile'. On the next call to `compinit`, it will read the dumped file instead of performing a full initialization.

If the number of completion files changes, `compinit` will recognise this and produce a new dump file. However, if the name of a function or the arguments in the first line of a `#compdef` function (as described below) change, it is easiest to delete the dump file by hand so that `compinit` will re-create it the next time it is run. The check performed to see if there are new functions can be omitted by giving the option `-C`. In this case the dump file will only be created if there isn't one already.

The dumping is actually done by another function, `compdump`, but you will only need to run this yourself if you change the configuration (e.g. using `compdef`) and then want to dump the new one. The name of the old dumped file will be remembered for this purpose.

If the parameter `_compdir` is set, `compinit` uses it as a directory where completion functions can be found; this is only necessary if they are not already in the function search path.

For security reasons `compinit` also checks if the completion system would use files not owned by root or by the current user, or files in directories that are world- or group-writable or that are not owned by root or by the current user. If such files or directories are found, `compinit` will ask if the completion system should really be used. To avoid these tests and make all files found be used without asking, use the option `-u`, and to make `compinit` silently ignore all insecure files and directories use the option `-i`. This security check is skipped entirely when the `-C` option is given.

The security check can be retried at any time by running the function `compaudit`. This is the same check used by `compinit`, but when it is executed directly any changes to `fpath` are made local to the function so they do not persist. The directories to be checked may be passed as arguments; if none are given, `compaudit` uses `fpath` and `_compdir` to find completion system directories, adding missing ones to `fpath` as necessary. To force a check of exactly the directories currently named in `fpath`, set `_compdir` to an empty string before calling `compaudit` or `compinit`.

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### 19.2.2 Autoloaded files

The convention for autoloaded functions used in completion is that they start with an underscore; as already mentioned, the `fpath/FPATH` parameter must contain the directory in which they are stored. If `zsh` was properly installed on your system, then `fpath/FPATH` automatically contains the required directories for the standard functions.

For incomplete installations, if `compinit` does not find enough files beginning with an underscore (fewer than twenty) in the search path, it will try to find more by adding the directory `_compdir` to the search path. If that directory has a subdirectory named `Base`, all subdirectories will be added to the path. Furthermore, if the subdirectory `Base` has a subdirectory named `Core`, `compinit` will add all subdirectories of the subdirectories is to the path: this allows the functions to be in the same format as in the `zsh` source distribution.

When `compinit` is run, it searches all such files accessible via `fpath/FPATH` and reads the first line of each of them. This line should contain one of the tags described below. Files whose first line does not start with one of these tags are not considered to be part of the completion system and will not be treated specially.

The tags are:

`#compdef` names...
  The file will be made autoloadable and the function defined in it will be called when completing names, each of which is either the name of a command whose arguments are to be completed or one of a number of special contexts in the form `-`context`-` described below for the `_complete` function.

  Each name may also be of the form `cmd`=`service'. This is used by functions that offer multiple services, i.e. different completion behaviour for multiple commands. Such a string makes the completion system call the function when completing arguments for the command ``cmd`', setting the parameter `$service` to the string ``service`'. The function can then use that parameter to decide what to complete.

`#compdef -p` pattern
  The file will be made autoloadable and the function defined in it will be called when completing for a command whose name matches the given pattern (a standard globbing pattern). Note that only one pattern may be given.

`#compdef -P` pattern
  Like the previous one, but the function will be called only if no completion function for the command on the line could be found.

`#compdef -k` style key-sequences...
  This can be used to bind special completion functions to the key-sequences specified. It creates a widget behaving like the builtin widget style, which must be one of those that perform completion, namely `complete-word`, `delete-char-or-list`, `expand-or-complete`, `expand-or-complete-prefix`, `list-choices`, `menu-complete`, `menu-expand-or-complete`, or `reverse-menu-complete`. If the `zsh/complist` module is loaded (see 21.6 The zsh/complist Module), the same happens to the `menu-select` widget.

  The widget is then bound to all the key-sequences given, if any: when one of the key-sequences is typed, the function in the file will be invoked to generate the matches. Note that a key will not be re-bound if if it already was (that is, was bound to something other than `undefined-key`). The widget created has the same name as the file and can be bound to any other keys using `bindkey` as usual.

`#compdef -K` widget-name style key-sequences ...
  This is similar to `-k`, with the same style and key-sequences arguments, preceded by a string giving the name of a widget. In this case only one key-sequences argument may be given, but the entire set of three arguments may be repeated with a different set of arguments. In particular, the widget-name must be distinct in each set. It should begin with ``_`', else one will be added, and should not clash with the name of any existing widget: names based on the name of the function are most useful. For example,

      #compdef -K _foo_complete complete-word "^X^C" \
        _foo_list list-choices "^X^D"

  (all on one line) defines a widget `_foo_complete` for completion, bound to ``^X^C`', and a widget `_foo_list` for listing, bound to ``^X^D`'.

`#autoload` [ options ]
  This is used for files defining utility functions that are not to be called directly as completion functions but should be loaded automatically when invoked. Typically they are to be called from within one of the completion functions.

  The options will be given to the `autoload` builtin command when making the function autoloaded. Most often, this will be `+X` to force the function to be loaded immediately. Note that the `-U` flag is always implicitly added.

The `#` is part of the tag name and no white space is allowed after it. The `#compdef` tags use the `compdef` function described below; the main difference is that the name of the function is supplied implicitly.

Note also that the functions for the completion system assume that the `KSH_AUTOLOAD` option is not set and cannot be loaded when it is set. To avoid having to unset `KSH_AUTOLOAD`, you can instead use one or more `zwc` file(s) which have been created with the command `zcompile -z` to load the functions for the completion system; see 16. Shell Builtin Commands. This forces the functions to be autoloaded the way zsh normally loads functions.

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### 19.2.3 Functions

The `compinit` file defines the following function, which may also be called directly by the user.

`compdef` [ `-an` ] function names...
`compdef -d` names...
`compdef -p` [ `-a` ] function pattern
`compdef -P` [ `-a` ] function pattern
`compdef -k` [ `-an` ] function style key-sequences...
`compdef -K` [ `-an` ] function name style key-sequences ...
  The first form tells the completion system to call the given function when completing for the contexts or commands whose names are given: this is like the `#compdef` tag unless the first word contains an equal sign. In this case all words have to be of the form `cmd`=`service' where service is the name of a command or of a service defined by an autoloaded function with the `#compdef` tag and an argument of the form `cmd`=`service'. This kind of use makes the arguments of the cmds be completed as those for the services.

  If the `-n` option is given, any existing completion behaviour for particular contexts or commands will not be altered. These definitions can be deleted by giving the `-d` option as in the second form.

  The form with `-p` is similar to the first, but function will be called for all commands whose name matches the pattern; this is like the `#compdef -p` function tag.

  The form with `-P` is like the third, but the function will be called only if no function for the command itself was found or if one was found and it set the `_compskip` parameter to a value not containing the substring `patterns`.

  The form with `-k` defines a widget with the same name as the function which will be called for each of the key-sequences; this is like the `#compdef -k` tag. The function should generate the completions needed and will otherwise behave like the builtin widget whose name is given as the style argument. The widgets usable for this are: `complete-word`, `delete-char-or-list`, `expand-or-complete`, `expand-or-complete-prefix`, `list-choices`, `menu-complete`, `menu-expand-or-complete`, and `reverse-menu-complete`, as well as `menu-select` if the `zsh/complist` module is loaded. The option `-n` prevents the key being bound if it is already to bound to something other than `undefined-key`.

  The form with `-K` is similar and defines multiple widgets based on the same function, each of which requires the set of three arguments name, style and key-sequences, where the latter two are as for `-k` and the first must be a unique widget name beginning with an underscore.

  In each of the forms supporting it the `-a` option makes the function autoloadable (exactly equivalent to `autoload -U` function).

The `compdef` function is the place to turn to when one wants to define what the completion system should complete for a certain command. The function named can of course be one of the functions supplied or one written by the user. For example, if one has a command `foo` that gets process identifiers as arguments, one could do:

    compdef _pids foo

using the `_pids` function from the distribution to generate the process identifiers. Not also the `_gnu_generic` function described below, which can be used to complete options for commands that understand the ``-``-help`' option.

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## 19.3 Completion System Configuration

This section gives a short overview of how the completion system works, and then more detail on how users can configure how and when matches are generated.

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### 19.3.1 Overview

When completion is attempted somewhere on a command line the completion system first tries to find out the context where completion was tried. The context depends on such things as the name of the command when completing an argument, and possibly also the name of an option when completing an argument to that option.

The `context' of a completion is a string consisting of multiple fields. This is used to look up styles that can be used to configure the completion system. Since it is not possible to build the whole context string in advance, completion functions may modify some of the fields and hence the context used for lookup may vary during the same call to the completion system.

The context string always consists of the following fields, separated by colons and with a leading colon before the first:

- The literal string `completion`, saying that this style is used by the completion system.

- The function; in many cases this field will be blank, but when the completion system is called from other functions, like `predict-on` or one of the functions in the `Command` directory of the distribution, this field contains the name of that function, often in an abbreviated form.

- The completer currently active, which is the name of the function without the leading underscore. A `completer' is in overall control of how completion is to be performed; ``complete`' is the basic one for ordinary completion, but completers may perform various related tasks such as correction, or modify the behaviour of a later completer (see 19.4 Control Functions for more information).

- The context or command. This is either one of the special context names such as `-condition-` as explained for the `_complete` completer below, or the name of the command we are completing arguments for. Completion functions for commands that have sub-commands usually modify this field to contain the name of the command followed by a minus sign and the sub-command (e.g. the completion function for the `cvs` command sets this field to strings such as `cvs-add` when completing for the `add` sub-command).

- The argument, describing which argument we are completing. Normally this is either a string of the form `argument-`n, where n is the number of the argument or it is a string of the form `option-`opt`-`n when completing the n'th argument of the option opt.

- The tag. Tags are used to discriminate between the types of matches a completion function can generate in a certain context.

As an example, the context name

    :completion::complete:dvips:option-o-1:files

says that normal completion was attempted on an argument of the `dvips` command (more precisely: completion was attempted on the first argument after the `-o` option) and the completion function will generate filenames for this context.

In many of the possible contexts the completion system can generate matches, often multiple types of matches. These types are represented as simple names called `tags'. The completion system will decide internally what sort of tags are allowed; a list of the standard possibilities is given below. To determine in which order the tags are to be used by the completion function, the ``tag-order`' style for the appropriate context may be set, as described in the list of standard styles below. Only those types of matches whose tags were selected by this style will be produced, and in the order given, although the default is to try all relevant tags in an order determined by the particular completion in use.

The `_complete_help` bindable command described in 19.5 Bindable Commands can be invoked to find out the context and tag names and styles used at a particular point in completion. It shows the list of contexts and tags that would be used in if completion were tried at the current cursor position. Hence one can easily find out all the information needed to change the behaviour of the `tag-order` style for a particular context.

Completion behaviour can be modified by various other styles defined with the `zstyle` builtin command (21.23 The zsh/zutil Module). When looking up styles the completion system uses full context names, including the tag.

Styles determine such things as how the matches are generated; some of them correspond to shell options (for example, the use of menu completion), but styles provide more specific control. They can have any number of strings as their value. Looking up the value of a style therefore consists of two things: the context, which may be matched as a pattern, and the name of the style itself, which must be given exactly.

For example, many completion functions can generate matches in a simple and a verbose form and use the `verbose` style to decide which form should be used. To make all such functions use the verbose form, put

    zstyle ':completion:*' verbose yes

in one of the startup files like `.zshrc`; this sort of style can also be configured with the `compinstall` function. This definition simply means that the `verbose` style has `yes` as its value in every context inside the completion system. If the context pattern were ``*`', the verbose style would have this value anywhere the style mechanism is used, not just in completion.

As a more specific example, the completion function for the `kill` builtin command uses the `verbose` style to decide if jobs and processes are listed only as job numbers and process identifiers or if they are listed with the full job texts and the command lines of the processes (the latter is achieved by calling the `ps` command). To make this builtin list the matches only as numbers one could call:

    zstyle ':completion:*:*:kill:*' verbose no

Furthermore, if one wanted to see the command lines for processes but not the job texts one could use the fact that the context name contains the tag name when styles are looked up. As the function for the `kill` builtin command uses the tags `jobs` and `processes`, we can use:

    zstyle ':completion:*:*:kill:*:jobs' verbose no

To have more control over when certain values for styles are used one can use the special parameters available in completion widgets (see 18. Completion Widgets)) and the `-e` option to `zstyle` that makes the value be evaluated when looked up. For example, to make the `completer` style have a different value when completing for the `cvs` command, one could use the `words` special array:

    zstyle -e ':completion:*' completer '
        if [[ $words[1] = cvs ]]; then
          reply=(_complete)
        else
          reply=(_complete _approximate)
        fi'

One should be careful not to use too complicated code with this option, at least for the styles that are looked up quite often. These are basically those that define some global completion behaviour but allow that to be different for all matches or groups of matches (such as the `menu` and `list-rows-first` styles). Alternatively one can always use a less general pattern for the context than in the example above and use a second call to `zstyle` with a generic pattern and without using the `-e` option to define the default behaviour.

Note that the order in which styles are defined does not matter; the style mechanism uses the most specific possible match for a particular style to determine the set of values. More precisely, strings are preferred over patterns (for example, ``:completion::complete:foo`' is more specific than ``:completion::complete:*'`), and longer patterns are preferred over shorter patterns.

As with tags, completion functions can use any style they choose, so there can't be a complete list. However, the following two sections list those tags and styles that are used in many places of the completion system.

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### 19.3.2 Standard Tags

Here are the tags currently used by the completion system. Some of them are only used when looking up styles and do not refer to a particular type of match.

`accounts`
  used to look up the `users-hosts` style

`all-expansions`
  used by the `_expand` completer when adding the single string containing all possible expansions

`all-files`
  for the names of all files (as distinct from a particular subset, see the `globbed-files` tag).

`arguments`
  when an argument of a command may be completed

`arrays`
  for names of array parameters

`association-keys`
  for keys of associative arrays; used when completing inside a subscript of a parameter of this type

`bookmarks`
  when completing bookmarks (e.g. for URLs and the `zftp` function suite)

`builtins`
  for names of builtin commands

`characters`
  used for commands like `stty` when completing characters; also used when completing character classes after an opening bracket

`colormapids`
  for X colormap ids

`colors`
  for color names

`commands`
  for names of external commands and names of sub-commands (used by some commands like `cvs`)

`contexts`
  for contexts used by the zstyle builtin command

`corrections`
  used by the `_approximate` and `_correct` completers for the possible corrections

`cursors`
  for cursor names used by X programs

`default`
  used to look up default values for various styles that may also be set for tags that are used when generating matches; note that this tag is used when only the function field of the context name is set up

`descriptions`
  used when looking up the value of the `format` style for descriptions

`devices`
  for names of device special files

`directories`
  for names of directories

`directory-stack`
  for entries in the directory stack

`displays`
  for X display names

`domains`
  for network domains

`expansions`
  used by the `_expand` completer for individual possibilities resulting from expansion of a word

`extensions`
  for X server extensions

`file-descriptors`
  for the numbers of open file descriptors

`files`
  the generic file-matching tag used by completion functions that can complete the names of some kind of file

`fonts`
  used for X font names

`functions`
  names of functions, normally shell functions although certain commands may understand other kinds of function

`globbed-files`
  for names of files matching the glob pattern used by completion functions that expect a certain type of file

`groups`
  used when completing names of user groups

`history-words`
  for words from the history

`hosts`
  for hostnames

`indexes`
  used for array indexes

`jobs`
  used for jobs

`keymaps`
  for names of zsh keymaps

`keysyms`
  for names of X keysyms

`libraries`
  for names of system libraries

`limits`
  for system limits

`local-directories`
  for names of directories which are subdirectories of the current working directory when completing for the `cd` and related builtin commands

`manuals`
  for names of manual pages

`maps`
  for map names (e.g. NIS maps)

`messages`
  used to look up the `format` style for messages

`modifiers`
  for names of X modifiers

`modules`
  for modules (e.g. `zsh` modules)

`my-accounts`
  used to look up the `users-hosts` style

`named-directories`
  for named directories (you wouldn't have guessed that, would you?)

`names`
  for all kinds of names

`nicknames`
  for nicknames of NIS maps

`options`
  for command options

`original`
  used by the `_approximate`, `_correct` and `_expand` completers when adding the original string

`other-accounts`
  used to look up the `users-hosts` style

`packages`
  for packages (e.g. `rpm` or installed `Debian` packages)

`parameters`
  for names of parameters

`path-directories`
  for names of directories found by searching the `cdpath` array when completing for the `cd` and related builtin commands

`paths`
  used to look up the values of the `expand`, `ambiguous` and `special-dirs` styles

`pods`
  for perl pods (documentation files)

`ports`
  for communication ports

`prefixes`
  for prefixes (like those of a URL)

`printers`
  for printer names

`processes`
  for process identifiers

`processes-names`
  used to look up the `command` style when generating the names of processes for `killall`

`sequences`
  for sequences (e.g. `mh` sequences)

`sessions`
  for sessions in the `zftp` function suite

`signals`
  for signal names

`strings`
  for strings (e.g. the replacement strings for the `cd` builtin command)

`styles`
  for styles used by the zstyle builtin command

`tags`
  for tags (e.g. `rpm` tags)

`targets`
  for makefile targets

`types`
  for types of whatever (e.g. address types for the `xhost` command)

`urls`
  used to look up the `urls` and `local` styles when completing URLs

`users`
  for usernames

`values`
  when completing a value out of a set of values (or a list of such values)

`version`
  used by `_call_program` to look up the command to run to determine the installed version of various other commands (such as `diff` and `make`).

`warnings`
  used to look up the `format` style for warnings

`widgets`
  for zsh widget names

`windows`
  for IDs of X windows

`zsh-options`
  for shell options

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### 19.3.3 Standard Styles

Here are the names of the styles used by the completion system. Note that the values of several of these styles represent boolean values; here, any of the strings ``true`', ``on`', ``yes`', and ``1`' can be used for the truth value `true' and the strings ``false`', ``off`', ``no`', and ``0`' are interpreted as `false'. The behavior for any other value is undefined unless the description for the particular style mentions other possible values; in particular, the default value may be either on or off if the style is not set.

Some of these styles are tested for every tag used to add possible matches and for the `default` tag (most notably `menu`, `list-colors` and the styles controlling the completion listing like `list-packed` and `last-prompt`). When tested for the `default` tag, only the function field of the context will be set up, so the default value will normally be set like:

    zstyle ':completion:*:default' menu ...

`accept-exact`
  This is tested for the default tag and the tags used when generating matches. If it is set to `true' for at least one match which is the same as the string on the line, this match will immediately be accepted.

  When completing pathnames (where it is looked up for the `paths` tag), this style also accepts any number of patterns as the value. If this is used, pathnames matching one of these patterns will be accepted immediately even if the command line contains some more partially typed pathname components and these match no file under the directory accepted.

  Note that this is also used by the `_expand` completer to decide if words beginning with a tilde or parameter expansion should be expanded. This means that if, for example, there are parameters `foo` and `foobar`, the string ``$foo`' will only be expanded if `accept-exact` is set to `true'.

`add-space`
  This style is used by the `_expand` completer. If it is `true' (the default), a space will be inserted after all words resulting from the expansion (except for directory names which get a slash). The value may also be the string ``file`' to make the completer add a space only to names of existing files. Finally, the `true' values and ``file`' may be combined with ``subst`' to keep the completer from adding a space when the resulting words were generated by expanding a substitution of the form ``$(...)`' or ``${...}`'.

  It is also used by the `_prefix` completer as a simple boolean value to decide if a space should be inserted before the suffix.

`ambiguous`
  This applies when completing non-final components of filename paths. If it is set, the cursor is left after the first ambiguous component, even if menu completion is in use. It is tested with the `paths` tag.

`assign-list`
  When completing after an equals sign, the completion system normally completes only one filename. In some cases, particularly for certain parameters such as `PATH`, a list of filenames separated by colons is required. This style can be set to a list of patterns matching the names of such parameters.

  The default is to complete lists when the word on the line already contains a colon.

`auto-description`
  If set, this style's value will be used as the description for options which are not described by the completion functions, but that have exactly one argument. The sequence ``%d`' in the value will be replaced by the description for this argument. Depending on personal preferences, it may be useful to set this style to something like ``specify: %d`'. Note that this may not work for some commands.

`avoid-completer`
  This is used by the `_all_matches` completer to decide if the string consisting of all matches should be added to the list currently being generated. Its value is a list of names of completers. If any of these is the name of the completer that generated the matches in this completion, the string will not be added.

  The default value for this style is ``_expand _old_list _correct _approximate`', i.e. it contains the completers for which a string with all matches will almost never be wanted.

`cache-path`
  This style defines the path where any cache files containing dumped completion data are stored. Defaults to ``$ZDOTDIR/.zcompcache`', or ``$HOME/.zcompcache`' if `$ZDOTDIR` is not defined. The completion layer will not be used unless the `use-cache` style is set.

`call-command`
  Currently this is only used by the function completing `make` targets. If it is set to `true' and the installed version of the `make` command allows it, `make` is called in a way to generate all possible targets. The default value of this style is `false' because calling `make` can potentially take a very long time and in some cases may even cause actions from the makefile be executed despite the options given to `make`.

`command`
  In many places, completion functions need to call external commands to generate the list of completions. This style can be used to override the command which is called in some such cases. The elements of the value are joined with spaces to form a command line to execute. The value can also start with a hyphen, in which case the usual command will be added to the end; this is most useful for putting ``builtin`' or ``command`' in front to make sure the appropriate version of a command is called, for example to avoid calling a shell function with the same name as an external command.

  As an example, the function generating process IDs as matches uses this style with the `processes` tag to generate the IDs to complete and the list of processes to display (if the `verbose` style is `true'). The list produced by the command should look like the output of the `ps` command. The first line is not displayed, but is searched for the string ``PID`' (or ``pid`') to find the position of the process IDs in the following lines. If the line does not contain ``PID`', the first numbers in each of the other lines are taken as the process IDs to complete.

  Note that the completion function generally has to call the command every time it is called. Because of that care should be taken to specify only commands that take a short time to run (and that will eventually stop at all).

`commands`
  This is used by the function completing sub-commands for the system initialisation scripts (residing in `/etc/init.d` or somewhere not too far away from that). It's values give the default commands to complete for those commands for which the completion function isn't able to find them out automatically. The default for this style are the two strings ``start`' and ``stop`'.

`complete`
  This is used by the `_expand_alias` function when invoked as a bindable command. If it set to `true' and the word on the command line is not the name of an alias, matching alias names will be completed.

`completer`
  The strings given as the value of this style provide the names of the completer functions to use. The available completer functions are described in 19.4 Control Functions.

  Each string may be the name of a completer function or a string of the form `function`:`name'. In the first case the completer field of the context will contain the name of the completer without the leading underscore and with all other underscores replaced by hyphens. In the second case the function is the name of the completer to call, but the context will contain the name in the completer field of the context. If the name starts with a hyphen, the string for the context will be build from the name of the completer function as in the first case with the name appended to it. For example:

      zstyle ':completion:*' completer _complete _complete:-foo

  Here, completion will call the `_complete` completer twice, once using ``complete`' and once using ``complete-foo`' in the completer field of the context. Normally, using the same completer more than once makes only sense when used with the `functions`:`name' form, because otherwise the context name will be the same in all calls to the completer; possible exceptions to this rule are the `_ignored` and `_prefix` completers.

  The default value for this style is `_complete _ignored`, i.e. normally only completion will be done, first using the `ignored-patterns` style and the `$fignore` array and then without ignoring matches.

`condition`
  This style is used by the `_list` completer function to decide if insertion of matches should be delayed unconditionally. The default is `true'.

`disabled`
  If this is set to `true', the `_expand_alias` completer and bindable command will try to expand disabled aliases, too. The default is ``false`'.

`disable-stat`
  This is used with an empty tag by the function completing for the `cvs` command to decide if the `zsh/stat` module should be used to generate names of modified files in the appropriate places (this is its only use). If set, completion will use the `ls` command.

`domains`
  If set, gives the names of network domains that should be completed. If this is not set by the user domain names will be taken from the file `/etc/resolv.conf`.

`expand`
  This style is used when completing strings consisting of multiple parts, such as path names. If one of its values is the string ``prefix`', the partially typed word from the line will be expanded as far as possible even if trailing parts cannot be completed. If one of its values is the string ``suffix`', matching names for components after the first ambiguous one will also be added. This means that the resulting string is the longest unambiguous string possible, but if menu completion is started on the list of matches generated this way, this will also cycle through the names of the files in pathname components after the first ambiguous one.

`fake-files`
  This style is used when completing files and looked up without a tag. Its values are of the form `dir`:`names...'. This will add the names (strings separated by spaces) as possible matches when completing in the directory dir, even if no such files really exist.

  This can be useful on systems that support special filesystems whose top-level pathnames can not be listed or generated with glob patterns. It can also be used for directories for which one does not have read permission.

`fake-parameters`
  This is used by the completion function generating parameter names as matches. Its values are names of parameters which might not yet be set, but which should be completed nonetheless. Each name may also be followed by a colon and a string specifying the type of the parameter (like ``scalar`', ``array`' or ``integer`'). If such a type is given, the name will only be completed if parameters of that type are requested in the particular context. Names for which no type is specified will always be completed.

`file-patterns`
  In most places where filenames are completed, the function `_files` is used which can be configured with this style. If the style is unset, `_files` offers, one after another, up to three tags: ``globbed-files`', ``directories`' and ``all-files`', depending on the types of files expected by the caller of `_files`.

  If the `file-patterns` style is set, the default tags are not used. Instead, the value of the style says which tags and which patterns are to be offered. The strings in the value contain specifications of the form `pattern`:`tag'; each string may contain any number of such specifications. The pattern gives a glob pattern that is to be used to generate filenames. If it contains the sequence ``%p`', that is replaced by the pattern(s) given by the calling function. Colons in the pattern must be preceded by a backslash to make them distinguishable from the colon before the tag. If more than one pattern is needed, the patterns can be given inside braces, separated by commas. The tags of all strings in the value will be offered by `_files` (again, one after another) and used when looking up other styles. For strings containing more than one specification, the filenames for all specifications will be generated at the same try. If no ``:`tag' is given the ``files`' tag will be used. The tag may also be followed by an optional second colon and a description. If that is given, this description will be used for the ``%d`' in the value of the `format` style (if that is set) instead of the default description supplied by the completion function. If the description given here contains itself a ``%d`', that is replaced with the description supplied by the completion function.

  For example, to make the `rm` command first complete only names of object files and the names of all files if no object file matches the string on the line, one would do:

      zstyle ':completion:*:*:rm:*' file-patterns \
          '*.o:object-files' '%p:all-files'

  Another interesting example is to change the default behaviour that makes completion first offer files matching the patterns given by the calling function, then directories and then all files. Many people prefer to get both the files matching the given patterns and the directories in the first try and all files at the second try. To achieve this, one could do:

      zstyle ':completion:*' file-patterns \
          '%p:globbed-files *(-/):directories' '*:all-files'

  This works even for contexts in which all files would be completed, because `_files` will not try a pattern more than once and it stops when the pattern ``*`' was tried.

  Note also that during the execution of completion functions, the `EXTENDED_GLOB` option is in effect, so the characters ``#`', ``~`' and ``^`' have special meanings in the patterns.

`file-sort`
  The completion function that generates filenames as possible matches uses this style without a tag to determine in which order the names should be listed and completed when using menu completion. The value may be one of ``size`' to sort them by the size of the file, ``links`' to sort them by the number of links to the file, ``modification`' (or ``time`' or ``date`') to sort them by the last modification time, ``access`' to sort them by the last access time, or ``inode`' (or ``change`') to sort them by the last inode change time. If the style is set to any other value, or is unset, files will be sorted alphabetically by name. If the value contains the string ``reverse`', sorting is done in decreasing order.

`force-list`
  This forces a list of completions to be shown at any point where listing is done, even in cases where the list would usually be suppressed. For example, normally the list is only shown if there are at least two different matches. By setting this style to ``always`', the list will always be shown, even if there is only a single match which is immediately accepted. The style may also be set to a number. In this case the list will be shown if there are at least that many matches, even if they would all insert the same string.

  This style is tested for the default tag and all tags used when generating matches. This allows one to turn unconditional listing on for certain types of matches.

`format`
  If this is set for the `descriptions` tag, its value is used as a string to display above matches in completion lists. The sequence ``%d`' in this string will be replaced with a short description of what these matches are. This string may also contain the sequences to specify output attributes, such as ``%B`', ``%S`' and ``%{`...`%}`'.

  For the same purpose, this style is also tested with the tags used when matches are generated before it is tested for the `descriptions` tag. This provides the possibility of defining different format strings for different types of matches.

  Note also that some completer functions define additional ``%`'-sequences. These are described for the completer functions that make use of them.

  For the `messages` tag, this style defines a string used by some completion functions to display messages. Here, the ``%d`' is replaced with a message given by the completion function.

  Finally, when set with the `warnings` tag, the format string is printed when no matches could be generated at all. In this case the ``%d`' is replaced with the descriptions for the matches that were expected separated by spaces and the sequence ``%D`' is replaced with those descriptions separated by newlines.

  The ``%`' for the sequences that are replaced by strings provided by the completion functions like the ``%d`' may be followed by field width specifications as described for the `zformat` builtin command from the `zsh/zutil` module, see 21.23 The zsh/zutil Module.

`glob`
  This is used by the `_expand` completer. If it is set to `true' (the default), globbing will be attempted on the words resulting from substitution (see the `substitute` style) or the original string from the line.

`global`
  If this is set to `true' (the default), the `_expand_alias` completer and bindable command will try to expand global aliases.

`group-name`
  The completion system can put different types of matches in different groups which are then displayed separately in the list of possible completions. This style can be used to give the names for these groups for particular tags. For example, in command position the completion system generates names of builtin and external commands, names of aliases, shell functions and parameters and reserved words as possible completions. To have the external commands and shell functions listed separately, one can set:

      zstyle ':completion:*:*:-command-:*:commands' group-name commands
      zstyle ':completion:*:*:-command-:*:functions' group-name functions

  This also means that if the same name is used for different types of matches, then those matches will be displayed together in the same group.

  If the name given is the empty string, then the name of the tag for the matches will be used as the name of the group. So, to have all different types of matches displayed separately, one can just set:

      zstyle ':completion:*' group-name ''

  All matches for which no group name is defined will be put in a group named `-default-`.

`group-order`
  This style is to be used together with the `group-name` style. Once different types of matches are put into different groups, this style can be used to define in which order these groups should appear when listing (compare `tag-order`, which determines which completions appear at all). The strings in the value are taken as group names and the named groups will be shown in the order in which their names appear in the value. All groups whose names are not given in the value of this style will appear in the order defined by the function generating the matches.

  For example, to have names of builtin commands, shell functions and external commands appear in this order when completing in command position one would set:

      zstyle ':completion:*:*:-command-:*' group-order \
             builtins functions commands

`groups`
  A style holding the names of the groups that should be completed. If this is not set by the user, the group names from the YP database or the file ``/etc/group`' will be used.

`hidden`
  If this is set to one of the `true' values, the matches for the tags for which this is set will not appear in the list; only the description for the matches as set with the `format` style will be shown. If this is set to ``all`', not even the description will be displayed.

  Note that the matches will still be completed; they are just not shown in the list. To avoid having matches considered as possible completions at all, the `tag-order` style can be modified as described below.

`hosts`
  A style holding the names of hosts that should be completed. If this is not set by the user the hostnames in ``/etc/hosts`' will be used.

`hosts-ports`
  This style is used by commands that need or accept hostnames and ports. The strings in the value should be of the form `host`:`port'. These hostnames and ports are completed depending on the information already on the line, so that if, for example, the hostname is already typed, only those ports specified for that host will be completed. Multiple ports for the same host may appear.

`ignore-line`
  This style is tested for the tags used when generating matches. If it is set to `true', then none of the words that are already on the line will be considered possible completions. If it is set to ``current`', the word the cursor is on will not be considered a possible completion. The same happens if the value is ``current-shown`', but only if the list of completions is currently shown on the screen. Finally, if it is set to ``other`' all words except the current one will not be considered to be a possible completion.

  The values ``current`' and ``current-shown`' are a bit like the opposite of `accept-exact`. They mean that only strings with missing characters will be completed.

  Note that you almost certainly don't want to set this to `true' or ``other`' for a general context such as ``:completion:*`'. This is because it would disallow completion of, for example, options multiple times even if the command in question accepts the option more than once.

`ignore-parents`
  The style is tested by the function completing pathnames without a tag to determine whether to ignore the names of directories already mentioned in the current word, or the name of the current working directory. The value must include one or both of the following strings:

  `parent`
    The name of any directory whose path is already contained in the word on the line is ignored. For example, when completing after `foo/../`, the directory `foo` will not be considered a valid completion.

  `pwd`
    The name of the current working directory will not be completed, so that, for example, completion after `../` will not use the name of the current directory.

  In addition, the value may include one or both of:

  `..`
    Ignore the specified directories only when the word on the line contains the substring ``../`'.

  `directory`
    Ignore only when names of directories are completed, not when completing names of files.

  Note that names of directories ignored because of one of the tests will be ignored in the same way as the matches ignored because of the `ignored-patterns` style. I.e., by using the `_ignored` completer it is possible to complete these directories nonetheless.

`ignored-patterns`
  This style can be used to specify a list of patterns which are tested against against the trial completions in a given context; any matching completions will be removed from the list of possibilities. The `_ignored` completer can appear in the list of completers to produce a list which includes these matches once more. This is a more configurable version of the shell parameter `$fignore`.

  Note that during the execution of completion functions, the `EXTENDED_GLOB` option is in effect, so the characters ``#`', ``~`' and ``^`' have special meanings in the patterns.

`insert-ids`
  When completing process IDs, for example as arguments to the `kill` and `wait` builtins, completion allows the user to type the name of a command, which will be converted to the appropriate process ID. A problem arises when the process name typed is not unique. By default (or if this style is set explicitly to ``menu`') the name will be converted immediately to a set of possible IDs, and menu completion will be started to cycle through them. If the value of the style is ``single`', however, the shell will wait until the user has typed enough to make the command unique before converting the name to an ID; the user must type any additional characters required. If the value is any other string, menu completion will be started when the string typed by the user is longer than the common prefix of the corresponding IDs.

`insert-tab`
  If this has one of the `true' values, the completion system will insert a TAB character (assuming it was used to start completion) instead of performing completion when there is no non-blank character to the left of the cursor. If set to `false', completion will be done even there.

  The value may also contain the substrings ``pending`' or ``pending=`val' to make the character typed to start completion be inserted instead of completion being tried when there is input pending which has not yet been processed by the shell. If a val is given, completion will not be done if there are at least that many characters of unprocessed input. This is often useful to have set when pasting characters into a terminal. Note however, that it relies on the `$PENDING` special parameter from the `zsh/zle` module being set properly which is not guaranteed on all platforms.

  The default value of this style is `true' unless when completing inside the `vared` builtin command, where it defaults to `false'.

`insert-unambiguous`
  This is used by the `_match` and `_approximate` completer functions, where the possible completions may not have a common prefix so that menu completion is often the most useful may of choosing completions. If the style is set to `true', the completer will start menu completion only if no unambiguous string could be generated that is at least as long as the original string typed by the user. Note that the `_approximate` completer uses it after setting the completer field in the context name to one of `correct-`num or `approximate-`num, where num is the number of errors that were accepted.

  When used for the `_match` completer, the style may also be set to the string ``pattern`'. This makes the pattern on the line be left unchanged if it didn't match unambiguously.

`keep-prefix`
  This style is used by the `_expand` completer. If it is `true', the completer will try to keep a prefix containing a tilde or parameter expansion. I.e., the string ``~/f*`' would be expanded to ``~/foo`' instead of ``/home/user/foo`'. If the style is set to ``changed`' (the default), the prefix will only be left unchanged if there were other changes between the expanded words and the original word from the command line. Any other value makes the prefix be expanded unconditionally.

  Note that with one of the `true' values, the `_expand` completer returns if there is only one expansion and that is, after restoring the original prefix, the same as the original word. This means that other completers will be called immediately after `_expand`.

`last-prompt`
  This is used to determine if the completion code should try to put the cursor back onto the previous command line after showing a completion listing (as for the `ALWAYS_LAST_PROMPT` option). As with several other styles, it is tested for the `default` tag as well as all the possible tags when generating matches. The cursor will be moved back to the previous line if this style is `true' for all types of matches added. Note also that this is independent of the numeric argument, unlike the `ALWAYS_LAST_PROMPT` option.

`list`
  This style is used by the `_history_complete_word` bindable command. If it is set to `true' it has no effect, but if it is set to `false' the matches will not be listed, overriding the setting of the options that control listing behaviour, especially `AUTO_LIST`. Use the context prefix ``:completion:history-words`'.

`list-colors`
  If the `zsh/complist` module is used, this style can be used to set color specifications as with the `ZLS_COLORS` and `ZLS_COLOURS` parameters, which will not be honored under this completion system (see 21.6 The zsh/complist Module).

  If this style is set for the `default` tag, the strings in the value are taken as specifications that are to be used everywhere. If it is set for other tags, the specifications are used only for matches of the type described by the tag. For this to work best, the `group-name` style must be set to an empty string. If the `group-name` tag specifies other names for the groups the matches in these groups can be colored by using these names together with the ``(group)...`' syntax described for the `ZLS_COLORS` and `ZLS_COLOURS` parameters and adding the specifications to the value for this style with the `default` tag (although in most cases it should work by setting this style for the appropriate tags).

  It is possible to use the same specifications set up for the GNU version of the `ls` command:

      zstyle ':completion:*:default' list-colors ${(s.:.)LS_COLORS}

  The default colors are the same as for the GNU `ls` command and can be obtained by setting the style to an empty string (i.e. `"`).

`list-packed`
  Like the `list-colors` style, this is tested with the `default` tag and all tags used when generating matches. If it is set to `true' for a tag, the matches added for it will be listed as if the `LIST_PACKED` option were set. If it is set to `false', they are listed normally.

`list-prompt`
  If this style is set for the `default` tag, completion lists that don't fit on the screen can be scrolled (see 21.6 The zsh/complist Module). The value, if not the empty string, will be displayed after every screenful and the shell will prompt for a key press; if the style is set to the empty string, a default prompt will be used. The value may contain the escape sequences ``%l`' or ``%L`', which will be replaced by the number of the last line displayed and the total number of lines; ``%m`' or ``%M`', which will be replaced by the number of the last match shown and the total number of matches; and ``%p`' and ``%P`', which will be replaced by ``Top`' when at the beginning of the list, ``Bottom`' when at the end and the position shown in percent of the total length otherwise. In each of these cases the form with the uppercase letter is replaced by a string of fixed width, padded to the right with spaces. As in other prompt strings, the escape sequences ``%S`', ``%s`', ``%B`', ``%b`', ``%U`', ``%u`', and ``%{`...`%}`' for entering and leaving the display modes standout, bold and underline are also available.

`list-rows-first`
  This style is tested in the same way as the `list-packed` style and determines if matches are to be listed in a rows-first fashion, as for the `LIST_ROWS_FIRST` option.

`list-suffixes`
  This style is used by the function used to complete filenames. If completion is attempted on a string containing multiple partially typed pathname components and this style is set to `true', all components starting with the first one for which more than one match could be generated will be shown.

`local`
  This style is used by completion functions which generate URLs as possible matches to add suitable matches when a URL points to a local web server, that is, one whose files are available directly on the local file system. Its value should consist of three strings: a hostname, the path to the default web pages for the server and the directory name used by a user placing web pages within their home area. For example, completion after ``http://toast/~yousir/`' will attempt to match the name ``toast`' against the first argument to the style, and if successful will look in the directory under `~yousir` given by the third argument to the style for possible completions.

`match-original`
  This is used by the `_match` completer. If it is set to `only`, `_match` will try to generate matches without inserting a ``*`' at the cursor position. If set to any other non-empty value, it will first try to generate matches without inserting the ``*`' and if that yields no matches, it will try again with the ``*`' inserted. If it is unset or set to the empty string, matching will only be done with the ``*`' inserted.

`matcher`
  This style is tested for tags used when generating matches. Its value is used as an match specification additional to any given by the `matcher-list` style which should be in the form described in 18.5 Matching Control.

`matcher-list`
  This style is used by the main completion function to retrieve match specifications that are to be used everywhere. Its value should be a list of such specifications. The completion system will try them one after another for each completer selected. For example, to first try simple completion and, if that generates no matches, case-insensitive completion one would do:

      zstyle ':completion:*' matcher-list '' 'm:{a-zA-Z}={A-Za-z}'

  By default every specification replaces previous ones. If specification is prefixed with `+`, it is added to the existing list. This allows testing more general patterns without repeating the whole list every time, as in:

      zstyle ':completion:*' matcher-list '' '+m{a-Z}={A-Z}' '+m{A-Z}={a-z}'

  The style allows even finer control by specifying a particular completer, without the leading underscore, in the third field of the completion context. For example, if one uses the completers `_complete` and `_prefix` but wants to try case-insensitive completion only when using the `_complete` completer, one would do:

      zstyle ':completion:*' completer _complete _prefix
      zstyle ':completion:*:complete:*' matcher-list \
             '' 'm:{a-zA-Z}={A-Za-z}'

  Note that the `completer` style allows user-defined names to be used in the context instead of the name of the completer. This is useful if, for example, one wants to try normal completion without a match specification and with case-insensitive matching first, correction if that doesn't generate any matches and partial-word completion if that doesn't yield any matches either. In this case one can give the `_complete` completer more than once in the `completer` style and define different match specifications for each occurrence, as in:

      zstyle ':completion:*' completer _complete _correct _complete:foo
      zstyle ':completion:*:complete:*' matcher-list \
          '' 'm:{a-zA-Z}={A-Za-z}'
      zstyle ':completion:*:foo:*' matcher-list \
          'm:{a-zA-Z}={A-Za-z} r:|[-_./]=* r:|=*'

  If the style is unset in any context no match specification is applied; further, some completers such as `_correct` and `_approximate` do not use the match specifications at all. However, it is always safe to use the simple form for this style (as in the first example above), since any completers which do not use match specifications will only ever be called once, rather than once per specification.

  Since the specification-strings in this style have to be tried one after another, it is a good idea to keep their number low. In most cases one to three strings (each of which may, without to large a performance hit, consist of more than one single match specification) will give acceptable performance.

`max-errors`
  This is used by the `_approximate` and `_correct` completer functions to determine the maximum number of errors to allow. The completer will try to generate completions by first allowing one error, then two errors, and so on, until either a match or matches were found or the maximum number of errors given by this style has been reached.

  If the value for this style contains the string ``numeric`', the completer function will take any numeric argument as the maximum number of errors allowed. For example, with

      zstyle ':completion:*:approximate:::' max-errors 2 numeric

  two errors are allowed if no numeric argument is given, but with a numeric argument of six (as in ``ESC-6 TAB`'), up to six errors are accepted. Hence with a value of ``0 numeric`', no correcting completion will be attempted unless a numeric argument is given.

  If the value contains the string ``not-numeric`', the completer will not try to generate corrected completions when given a numeric argument, so in this case the number given should be greater than zero. For example, ``2 not-numeric`' specifies that correcting completion with two errors will usually be performed, but if a numeric argument is given, correcting completion will not be performed.

  The default value for this style is ``2 numeric`'.

`menu`
  If this is set to true in a given context, using any of the tags defined for a given completion, menu completion will be used. The tag ``default`' can be used to set the default value, but a specific tag will take precedence. If none of the values found in this way is true but at least one is set to ``auto`' the behaviour will be as for the `AUTO_MENU` option. Finally, if one of the values is explicitly set to false, menu completion will be turned off even if it would otherwise be active (for example, with the `MENU_COMPLETE` option).

  Using the form ``yes=`num', where ``yes`' may be any of the true values (``yes`', ``true`', ``on`' and ``1`') turns on menu completion if there at least num matches. Using this for one of the `false' values (as in ``no=10`') makes menu completion not be used if there are num or more matches. Of course, this is only useful when menu completion is normally used, e.g. by setting the `MENU_COMPLETE` option. The `true' values may also be used in the form ``yes=long`' to turn on menu completion if the list does not fit onto the screen. This will start menu completion only if normal completion was attempted, not when only the list of possible completions was requested. To start menu completion even then, the value ``yes=long-list`' can be used.

  In addition to (or instead of) the above possibilities, the value may contain the string ``select`', optionally followed by an equals sign and a number. In this case menu selection (as defined by the `zsh/complist` module) will be started. Without the optional number, it will be started unconditionally and with a number it will be started only if at least that many matches are generated; if the values for more than one tag provide a number, the smallest number is taken. Menu selection can be turned off explicitly by defining a value containing the string ``no-select`'.

  It is also possible to start menu selection only if the list of matches does not fit on the screen by using the value ``select=long`'. This will only start menu selection if the widget invoked does completion, not simply listing as done by `delete-char-or-list`; to start menu selection even here, use the value ``select=long-list`'.

  To turn on menu completion or menu selection when a certain number of matches is generated or the list of matches does not fit onto the screen, both of ``yes=`' and ``select=`' can be given twice, once with a number and once with ``long`' or ``long-list`'.

`numbers`
  This is used with the `jobs` tag. If it is `true', the shell will complete the job numbers instead of the shortest unambiguous strings of the jobs' command lines. If the value is a number, job numbers will only be used if that many words from the job descriptions are required to resolve ambiguities. For example, if the value is ``1`', strings will only be used if all jobs differ in the first word on their command lines.

`old-list`
  This is used by the `_oldlist` completer. If it is set to ``always`', then standard widgets which perform listing will retain the current list of matches, however they were generated; this can be turned off explicitly with the value ``never`', giving the behaviour without the `_oldlist` completer. If the style is unset, or any other value, then the existing list of completions is displayed if it is not already; otherwise, the standard completion list is generated; this is the default behaviour of `_oldlist`. However, if there is an old list and this style contains the name of the completer function that generated the list, then the old list will be used even if it was generated by a widget which does not do listing.

  For example, suppose you type `^Xc` to use the `_correct_word` widget, which generates a list of corrections for the word under the cursor. Usually, typing `^D` would generate a standard list of completions for the word on the command line, and show that. With `_oldlist`, it will instead show the list of corrections already generated.

  As another example consider the `_match` completer: with the `insert-unambiguous` style set to `true' it inserts only a common prefix string, if there is any. However, this may remove parts of the original pattern, so that further completion could produce more matches than on the first attempt. By using the `_oldlist` completer and setting this style to `_match`, the list of matches generated on the first attempt will be used again.

`old-matches`
  This is used by the `_all_matches` completer to decide if an old list of matches should be used if one exists. It may be set to one of the `true' values or to the string ``only`' to use such a list. If it is set to ``only`', `_all_matches` will only use an old list and won't have any effect on the list of matches currently being generated.

`old-menu`
  This is used by the `_oldlist` completer. It controls how menu completion behaves when a completion has already been inserted and the user types a standard completion key type such as `TAB`. The default behaviour of `_oldlist` is that menu completion always continues with the existing list of completions. If this style is set to `false', however, a new completion is started if the old list was generated by a different completion command; this is the behaviour without the `_oldlist` completer.

  For example, suppose you type `^Xc` to generate a list of corrections, and menu completion is started in one of the usual ways. Usually, or with this style set to `false`, typing `TAB` at this point would start trying to complete the line as it now appears. With `_oldlist`, it instead continues to cycle through the list of corrections.

`original`
  This is used by the `_approximate` and `_correct` completers to decide if the original string should be added as one possible completion. Normally, this is done only if there are at least two possible corrections, but if this style is set to `true', it is always added. Note that these completers use this style after setting the completer field in the context name to `correct-`num or `approximate-`num, where num is the number of errors that were accepted.

`packageset`
  This style is used when completing arguments of the Debian ``dpkg`' program. It contains an override for the default package set for a given context. For example,

      zstyle ':completion:*:complete:dpkg:option--status-1:*' \
                     packageset avail

  causes available packages, rather than only installed packages, to be completed for `dpkg --status'.

`path`
  The function that completes color names uses this style with the `colors` tag. The value should be the pathname of a file containing color names in the format of an X11 `rgb.txt` file. If the style is not set but this file is found in one of various standard locations it will be used as the default.

`ports`
  A style holding the service names of ports to complete. If this is not set by the user, the service names from ``/etc/services`' will be used.

`prefix-hidden`
  This is used when matches with a common prefix are added (e.g. option names). If it is `true', this prefix will not be shown in the list of matches.

  The default value for this style is `false'.

`prefix-needed`
  This, too, is used for matches with a common prefix. If it is set to `true' this common prefix has to be typed by the user to generate the matches. E.g. for options this means that the ``-`', ``+`', or ``-``-`' has to be on the line to make option names be completed at all.

  The default value for this style is `true'.

`preserve-prefix`
  This style is used when completing path names. Its value should be a pattern matching an initial prefix of the word to complete that should be left unchanged under all circumstances. For example, on some Unices an initial ``//`' (double slash) has a special meaning and hence should be kept. For that one could set this style to the string ``//`'. As another example, setting this style to ``?:/`' under Cygwin would allow completion after ``a:/...`' and the like.

`range`
  This is used by the `_history` completer and the `_history_complete_word` bindable command to decide which words should be completed. It may be set to a number, N, to say that only the last N words from the history should be completed. The value may also be of the form `max`:`slice'. This means that first the last slice words will be completed. If that yields no matches, the slice words before those will be tried and so on, until either at least one match is generated or max words have been tried. The default is to complete all words from the history at once.

`regular`
  This style is used by the `_expand_alias` completer and bindable command. If set to `true' (the default), regular aliases will be expanded but only in command position. If it is set to `false', regular aliases will never be expanded and if it is set to the string ``always`', regular aliases will be expanded even if not in command position.

`remove-all-dups`
  The `_history_complete_word` bindable command and the `_history` completer use this to decide if all duplicate matches should be removed, rather than just consecutive duplicates.

`select-prompt`
  If this is set for the `default` tag, its value will be displayed during menu selection (see the `menu` style above) when the completion list does not fit on the screen as a whole. The same escapes as for the `list-prompt` style are understood, but give the number of the match or line the mark is on. A default prompt is used when the value is the empty string.

`select-scroll`
  This style is tested for the `default` tag and determines how a completion list is scrolled during a menu selection (see the `menu` style above) when the completion list does not fit on the screen as a whole. Its value should be ``0`' (zero) to scroll by half-screenfuls, a positive integer to scroll by that many lines and a negative number to scroll by the number of lines of the screen minus that number (or plus the number, since it is negative). The default is to scroll by single lines.

`separate-sections`
  This style is used with the `manuals` tag when completing names of manual pages. If it is `true', entries for different sections are added separately using tag names of the form ``manual.`X', where X is the section number. This means that it is possible to make pages from different sections be listed separately by setting the `group-name` style. The default for this style is `false'.

`single-ignored`
  This is used by the `_ignored` completer. It specifies what should be done if it can generate only one match, which is often a special case. If its value is ``show`', the single match will be displayed but not inserted. If the value is ``menu`', then the single match and the original string are both added as matches and menu completion is started so that one can easily select either of them.

`sort`
  If set to `true', completion functions that generate words from the history as possible matches sort these words alphabetically instead of keeping them in the order in which they appear in the history (from youngest to oldest).

  This is also used by the `_expand` completer. Here, if it is set to `true', the expansions generated will always be sorted. If it is set to ``menu`', then the expansions are only sorted when they are offered as single strings (not in the string containing all possible expansions).

`special-dirs`
  Normally, the completion code will not produce the directory names ``.`' and ``..`' as possible completions. If this style is set to `true', it will add both ``.`' and ``..`' as possible completions; if it is set to ``..`', only ``..`' will be added.

`squeeze-slashes`
  If set to `true', sequences of slashes (as in ``foo//bar`') will be treated as if they were only one slash when completing pathnames. This is the usual behaviour of UNIX paths. However, by default the file completion function behaves as if there were a ``*`' between the slashes.

`stop`
  If set to `true', the `_history_complete_word` bindable command will stop once when reaching the beginning or end of the history. Invoking `_history_complete_word` will then wrap around to the opposite end of the history. If this style is set to `false' (the default), `_history_complete_word` will loop immediately as in a menu completion.

`subst-globs-only`
  This is used by the `_expand` completer. If it is set to `true', the expansion will only be used if it resulted from globbing; hence, if expansions resulted from the use of the `substitute` style described below, but these were not further changed by globbing, the expansions will be rejected.

  The default for this style is `false'.

`substitute`
  This boolean style controls whether the `_expand` completer will first try to expand all substitutions in the string (such as ``$(...)`' and ``${...}`').

  The default is `true'.

`suffix`
  This is used by the `_expand` completer if the word starts with a tilde or contains a parameter expansion. If it is set to `true', the word will only be expanded if it doesn't have a suffix, i.e. if it is something like ``~foo`' or ``$foo`', but not if it is ``~foo/`' or ``$foo/bar`', unless that suffix itself contains characters eligible for expansion. The default for this style is `true'.

`tag-order`
  This provides a mechanism for sorting how the tags available in a particular context will be used.

  The values for the style are sets of space-separated lists of tags. The tags in each value will be tried at the same time; if no match is found, the next value is used. (See the `file-patterns` style for an exception to this behavior.)

  For example:

      zstyle ':completion:*:complete:-command-:*' tag-order \
          'commands functions'

  specifies that completion in command position should offer only completions for external commands and shell functions immediately.

  In addition to tag names, each string in the value may take one of the following forms:

  `-`
    If any string in the value consists of only a hyphen, then only the tags specified by the other strings in the value are generated. Normally all tags not explicitly selected are tried last if the specified tags fail to generate any matches. This means that a value consisting only of a single hyphen turns off completion.

  `!` tags...
    A string starting with an exclamation mark specifies names of tags that are not to be used. The effect is the same as if all other possible tags for the context had been listed.

  tag`:`label ...
    In strings not starting with an exclamation mark, it is also possible to specify tag labels instead of only tags, where tag is one of the tags offered by the completion function for the current context and label is a name. For this, the completion function will generate matches in the same way as for the tag but it will use the label in place of the tag in the context names used to look up styles. If the label starts with a hyphen, the tag is prepended to the label to form the name used for lookup. This can be used to make the completion system try a certain tag more than once, supplying different style settings for each attempt, see below for an example.

    The label may optionally be followed by a second colon and a description. This description will then be used for the ``%d`' in the value of the `format` style instead of the default description supplied by the completion function. Spaces in the description have to be quoted by preceding them with a backslash and a ``%d`' appearing in the description is replaced with the description given by the completion function.

  In each of the cases above, the tag may also be a pattern or more than one pattern inside braces and separated by commas. In this case all of the offered tags matching the pattern(s) will be used except for those that are given explicitly in the same string. There are probably two main uses of this. One is the case where one wants to try one of the tags more than once, setting other styles differently for each try, but still wants to use all the other tags without having to repeat them all. For example, to make completion of function names in command position ignore all the completion functions starting with an underscore the first time completion is tried, one could do:

      zstyle ':completion:*:*:-command-:*' tag-order \
          'functions:-non-comp *' functions
      zstyle ':completion:*:functions-non-comp' ignored-patterns '_*'

  Here, the completion system will first try all tags offered, but will use the tag label `functions-non-comp` when looking up styles for the function names completed. For this, the `ignored-patterns` style is set to exclude functions starting with an underscore from the set of possible matches. If none of the generated matches match the string on the line, the completion system will use the second value of the `tag-order` style and complete functions names again, but this time using the name `functions` to look up styles, so that the `ignored-patterns` style is not used and all function names are considered.

  Of course, this can also be used to split the matches for one tag into different groups. For example:

      zstyle ':completion:*' tag-order \
          'options:-long:long\ options
           options:-short:short\ options
           options:-single-letter:single\ letter\ options'

      zstyle ':completion:*:options-long' ignored-patterns '[-+](|-|[^-]*)'
      zstyle ':completion:*:options-short' ignored-patterns '--*' '[-+]?'
      zstyle ':completion:*:options-single-letter' ignored-patterns '???*'

  With the `group-names` style set, this makes options beginning with ``-``-`', options beginning with a single ``-`' or ``+`' but containing multiple characters, and single-letter options be displayed in separate groups with different descriptions.

  The second interesting use of patterns is the case where one wants to try multiple match specifications one after another. The `matcher-list` style offers something similar, but it is tested very early in the completion system and hence can't be set for single commands nor for more specific contexts. Here is how to try normal completion without any match specification and, if that generates no matches, try again with case-insensitive matching, restricting the effect to arguments of the command `foo`:

      zstyle ':completion:*:*:foo:*' tag-order '*' '*:-case'
      zstyle ':completion:*-case' matcher 'm:{a-z}={A-Z}'

  First, all the tags offered when completing after `foo` are tried using the normal tag name. If that generates no matches, the second value of `tag-order` is used, which tries all tags again except that this time each has `-case` appended to its name for lookup of styles. Hence this time the value for the `matcher` style from the second call to `zstyle` in the example is used to make completion case-insensitive.

  Using the `-e` option of the `zstyle` builtin command, it is possible to specify conditions saying when certain tags are to be used. For example:

      zstyle -e '*:-command-:*' tag-order '
          if [[ -n $PREFIX ]]; then
            reply=( )
          else
            reply=( - )
          fi'

  Makes completion in command position happen only if the string on the line is not empty. This is tested using the `PREFIX` parameter which is special in completion widgets; see 18. Completion Widgets for a description of these special parameters. Setting `reply` to an empty array ensures that only the default behaviour of trying all tags at once is used and setting it to an array containing only a hyphen disables that default behaviour -- thus keeping all tags from being tried.

  If no style has been defined for a context, the strings ``(|*-)argument-* (|*-)option-* values`' and ``options`' plus all tags offered by the completion function will be used to provide a sensible default behavior that causes arguments (whether normal command arguments or arguments of options) to be completed before option names for most commands.

`urls`
  This is used together with the the `urls` tag by completion functions that generate URLs as possible matches. If the value consists of more than one string or if the only string does not name a file or directory, the strings are used as the URLs to complete.

  If the value contains only one string and that is the name of a normal file, the URLs are taken from that file (where the URLs may be separated by white space or newlines).

  Finally, if the only string in the value names a directory, that should contain sub-directories named after the retrieval methods which occur as the first part of a URL, i.e. ``http`', ``ftp`', ``bookmark`', and so on. These sub-directories should contain files and other sub-directories whose pathnames are possible completions after the initial ``http://`', ``ftp://`', etc. See the description in the file `_urls` in the `User` sub-directory of the completion system for more information.

`use-cache`
  If this is set, the completion caching layer is activated for any completions which use it (via the `_store_cache`, `_retrieve_cache`, and `_cache_invalid` functions). The directory containing the cache files can be changed with the `cache-path` style.

`use-compctl`
  If this style is set to a string not equal to `false`, `0`, `no`, and `off`, the completion system may use any completion specifications defined with the `compctl` builtin command. If the style is unset, this is done only if the `zsh/compctl` module is loaded. The string may also contain the substring ``first`' to make the definition for ``compctl -T`' be used, and the substring ``default`' to make the one for ``compctl -D`' be used.

  Note that this is only intended to smooth the transition from `compctl` to the new completion system and may disappear in the future.

  Note also that the definitions from `compctl` will only be used if there is no specific completion function for the command in question. For example, while completing arguments to the command `foo`, if this was handled by a command function `_foo`, `compctl` would never be tried, while if it was handled by `_default`, `compctl` would be tried.

`users`
  This may be set to a list of names that should be completed whenever a username is needed. If it is not set or the string on the line doesn't match any of the strings in this list, all usernames will be completed.

`users-hosts`
  The values of this style should be of the form `user`@`host' or `user`:`host'. It is used for commands that need pairs of user- and hostnames. For such commands, only the pairs from this style are used and if, for example, the username is already typed, then only the hostnames for which there is a pair with that username is defined.

  If set for the `my-accounts` tag, this is used for commands such as `rlogin` and `ssh`; in this case the style should contain the names of the user's own accounts on remote hosts. If set for the `other-accounts` tag, it is used for commands such as `talk` and `finger` and should contain other people's accounts. Finally, it may also be used by some commands with the `accounts` tag.

`users-hosts-ports`
  Like `users-hosts` but used for commands like `telnet` and containing strings of the form `user`@`host`:`port'.

`verbose`
  This is used in several contexts to decide if only a simple or a verbose list of matches should be generated. For example some commands show descriptions for option names if this style is `true'.

  The default value for this style is `true'.

`word`
  This is used by the `_list` completer, which prevents the insertion of completions until a second completion attempt when the line has not changed. The normal way of finding out if the line has changed is to compare its entire contents between the two occasions. If this style is true, the comparison is instead performed only on the current word. Hence if completion is performed on another word with the same contents, completion will not be delayed.

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## 19.4 Control Functions

The initialization script `compinit` redefines all the widgets which perform completion to call the supplied widget function `_main_complete`. This function acts as a wrapper calling the so-called `completer' functions that generate matches. If `_main_complete` is called with arguments, these are taken as the names of completer functions to be called in the order given. If no arguments are given, the set of functions to try is taken from the `completer` style. For example, to use normal completion and correction if that doesn't generate any matches:

    zstyle ':completion:*' completer _complete _correct

after calling `compinit`. The default value for this style is ``_complete _ignored`', i.e. normally only ordinary completion is tried, first with the effect of the `ignored-patterns` style and then without it. The `_main_complete` function uses the return value of the completer functions to decide if other completers should be called. If the return value is zero, no other completers are tried and the `_main_complete` function returns.

If the first argument to `_main_complete` is a single hyphen, the arguments will not be taken as names of completers. Instead, the second argument gives a name to use in the completer field of the context and the other arguments give a command name and arguments to call to generate the matches.

The following completer functions are contained in the distribution (users may write their own):

`_all_matches`
  This completer can be used to add a string consisting of all other matches. To ensure, that this string is always added, this completer has to be used as the first completer in the list. The `avoid-completer` style is used to decide if the string should be added. This will only be done if the matches were generated by a completer not named by one of the values of the style.

  This function also uses the style `old-matches`. If it is set to `true' or to the string ``only`' and there is a list of matches from a previous completion, those matches will be inserted in the command line. If it is set to the the string ``only`', it will only insert an old list and won't add the string for all matches of the list currently being generated.

  With the `old-matches` style set, this completer should probably not be called unconditionally. Instead one could use the `-e` option of the `zstyle` builtin command to add a condition to the `completer` or to the `old-matches` style. Alternatively, one could use the `_generic` function to bind `_all_matches` to a separate key binding, for example:

      zle -C all-matches complete-word _generic
      bindkey '^Xa' all-matches
      zstyle ':completion:all-matches::::' old-matches only
      zstyle ':completion:all-matches:*' completer _all_matches

`_approximate`
  This completer function uses the `_complete` completer to generate a list of strings for the context the cursor is currently in, allowing you to specify a maximum number of errors: see the description of approximate matching in 13.8 Filename Generation for how errors are counted. The resulting list of corrected and completed strings is then presented to the user. The intended use of this completer function is to try after the normal `_complete` completer by setting:

      zstyle ':completion:*' completer _complete _approximate

  This will give correcting completion if and only if normal completion yields no possible completions. When corrected completions are found, the completer will normally start menu completion allowing you to cycle through these strings.

  This completer uses the tags `corrections` and `original` when generating the possible corrections and the original string. The `format` style for the former may contain the additional sequences ``%e`' and ``%o`' which will be replaced by the number of errors accepted to generate the corrections and the original string, respectively.

  As with all completers, `_approximate` uses its name without the underscore in the completer field of the context name. Once it has started trying to generate matches, it will append a minus sign and the number of errors accepted to its name. `_approximate` will first look for completions with one error, then two, and on so up to the limit on the number of errors set by the `max-errors` style. Hence on the first try the completer field of the context contains ``approximate-1`', on the second try ``approximate-2`', and so on.

  When `_approximate` is called from another function, the number of errors to accept may be given with the `-a` option. Its argument should be the same as the value of the `max-errors` style, all in one string.

  Note that this completer (and the `_correct` completer mentioned below) can be quite expensive to call, especially when a large number of errors are allowed. One way to avoid this is to set up the `completer` style using the `-e` option to zstyle so that some completers are only used when completion is attempted a second time on the same string, e.g.:

      zstyle ':completion:*' completer '
        if [[ $_last_try != "$HISTNO$BUFFER$CURSOR" ]]; then
          _last_try="$HISTNO$BUFFER$CURSOR"
          reply=(_complete _match _prefix)
        else
          reply=(_ignored _correct _approximate)
        fi'

  This uses the `HISTNO` parameter and the `BUFFER` and `CURSOR` special parameters that are available inside zle and completion widgets to find out if the command line hasn't changed since the last time completion was tried. Only then are the `_ignored`, `_correct` and `_approximate` completers called.

`_complete`
  This completer generates all possible completions in a context-sensitive manner, i.e. using the settings defined with the `compdef` function explained above and the current settings of all special parameters. This gives the normal completion behaviour.

  To complete arguments of commands, `_complete` uses the utility function `_normal`, which is in turn responsible for finding the particular function; it is described below. Various contexts of the form `-`context`-`, as mentioned above for the `#compdef` tag, are handled specially. These are:

  `-array-value-`
    for completion on the right hand side of an array-assignment (``foo=(...)`').

  `-brace-parameter-`
    for completing the name of a parameter expansion within braces (``${...}`').

  `-command-`
    for completing in a command position.

  `-condition-`
    for completion inside conditions (``[[...]]`').

  `-default-`
    for generating completions when no special completion function is used.

  `-equal-`
    for completion of words beginning with an equals sign

  `-first-`
    for adding completions before any other completion functions are tried; if this function sets the `_compskip` parameter to `all`, no other completion functions will be called, if it is set to a string containing the substring `patterns`, no pattern completion functions will be called, and if it is set to a string containing `default` the function for the ``-default-`' context will not be called, but functions defined for commands will.

  `-math-`
    for completion inside mathematical contexts, such as ``((`...`))`'.

  `-parameter-`
    for completing the name of a parameter expansion (``$...`').

  `-redirect-`
    for completion after a redirection operator.

  `-subscript-`
    for completion inside subscripts.

  `-tilde-`
    for completion after a tilde (``~`') character, but before a slash.

  `-value-`
    for completion on the right hand side of an assignment.

  Default implementations are supplied for each of these contexts, in most cases named after the context itself (e.g. completion for the ``-tilde-`' context is done by the function named ``_tilde`').

  Before trying to find a function for a specific context, `_complete` checks if the parameter ``compcontext`' is set. If it is set to an array, the elements are taken to be the possible matches which will be completed using the tag ``values`' and the description ``value`'. If it is set to an associative array, the keys are used as the possible completions and the values (if non-empty) are used as descriptions for the matches. If ``compcontext`' is set to a string containing colons, it should be of the form `tag`:`descr`:`action'. In this case the tag and descr give the tag and description to use and the action says what should be completed in one of the forms described for the `_arguments` utility function below.

  Finally, if ``compcontext`' is set to a string without colons, the value is taken as the name of the context to use and the function defined for that context will be called. For this purpose, there is a special context named `-command-line-` that completes whole command lines (commands and their arguments) and is not used by the completion system itself, but has a function handling completion for it.

`_correct`
  Generate corrections, but not completions, for the current word; this is similar to `_approximate` but will not allow any number of extra characters at the cursor as that completer does, hence this is similar to spell-checking. It calls `_approximate` but uses a different completer field in the context name.

  For example, with:

      zstyle ':completion:::::' completer _complete _correct _approximate
      zstyle ':completion:*:correct:::' max-errors 2 not-numeric
      zstyle ':completion:*:approximate:::' max-errors 3 numeric

  correction will accept up to two errors. If a numeric argument is given, correction will not be performed, but correcting completion will be, and will accept as many errors as given by the numeric argument. Without a numeric argument, first correction and then correcting completion will be tried, with the first one accepting two errors and the second one accepting three errors.

  When `_correct` is called as a function, the number of errors to accept may be given following the `-a` option. The argument should be the same as the value of the `accept` style, all in one string.

  This completer function is intended to be used without the `_approximate` completer or, as in the example, just before it. Using it after the `_approximate` completer is useless since `_approximate` will at least generate the corrected strings generated by the `_correct` completer -- and probably more.

`_expand`
  This completer function does not really do completion, but instead checks if the word on the command line is eligible for expansion and, if it is, gives detailed control over how this expansion is done. When using this, one should not use the `expand-or-complete` widget, but instead use `complete-word`, as `expand-or-complete` will expand the string on the line before the completion widget is called. Also, this completer should be called before the `_complete` completer function.

  The tags used when generating expansions are `all-expansions` for the string containing all possible expansions, `expansions` when adding the possible expansions as single matches and `original` when adding the original string from the line. In which order these strings are generated and which of these strings are generated at all can be controlled by using the `group-order` style and by modifying the `tag-order` style, as usual.

  The format string for `all-expansions` and for `expansions` may contain the sequence ``%o`' which will be replaced by the original string from the line.

  Which kind of expansion is tried is controlled by the `substitute`, `glob` and `subst-globs-only` styles.

  When `_expand` is called as a function, the different modes may be selected with options. The `-s` to `substitute`, `-g` to `glob` and `-o` to `subst-globs-only`.

`_expand_alias`
  If the word the cursor is on is an alias, it is expanded and no other completers are called. The types of aliases which are to be expanded can be controlled with the `regular`, `global` and `disabled` styles.

  This function is also a bindable command, see 19.5 Bindable Commands.

`_history`
  Complete words from the shell's command history. This completer uses the `remove-all-dups`, and `sort` styles also used by the `_history_complete_word` bindable command, see 19.5 Bindable Commands and 19.3 Completion System Configuration.

`_ignored`
  The `ignored-patterns` style can be set to a list of patterns which are compared against possible completions; matching ones are removed. With this completer those matches can be reinstated, as if no `ignored-patterns` style were set. The completer actually generates its own list of matches; which completers are used for this is determined in the same way as for the `_prefix` completer.

  The `single-ignored` style is used if only one match could be generated. It can be set to `show` to prevent that match from being displayed or inserted into the line, or it can be set to `menu`, in which case the single match and the original string from the line will be offered in a menu completion.

`_list`
  This completer allows one to delay the insertion of matches until completion is attempted a second time without the word on the line being changed. On the first attempt, only the list of matches will be shown. It is affected by the styles `condition` and `word`, see 19.3 Completion System Configuration.

`_match`
  This completer is intended to be used after the `_complete` completer. It allows one to give patterns on the command line and to complete all strings matching these patterns from the set of possible completions for the context the cursor is in, without having to set the `GLOB_COMPLETE` option.

  Normally this will be done by taking the pattern from the line, inserting a ``*`' at the cursor position and comparing the resulting pattern with the possible completions generated. However, if the `match-original` style has a value of `only`, no ``*`' will be inserted. If `match-original` has any other non-empty string as its value, this completer will first try to generate matches without, then with a ``*`' inserted at the cursor position.

  The generated matches will be offered in a menu completion unless the `insert-unambiguous` style is set to `true'. In this case menu completion will only be started if no unambiguous string could be generated that is at least as long as the original string. The style may also be set to the string ``pattern`'. This will keep the pattern on the line intact as long as there isn't an unambiguous completion with which it could be replaced.

  Note that the matcher specifications defined globally or used by the completion functions will not be used.

`_menu`
  This completer is a simple example function implemented to show how menu completion can be done in shell code. It should be used as the first completer and has the effect of making the code perform menu completion. Note that this is independent of the setting of the `MENU_COMPLETE` option and does not work with the other menu completion widgets such as `reverse-menu-complete`, or `accept-and-menu-complete`.

`_oldlist`
  This completer controls how the standard completion widgets behave when there is an existing list of completions which may have been generated by a special completion (i.e. a separately-bound completion command). It allows the ordinary completion keys to continue to use the list of completions thus generated, instead of producing a new list of ordinary contextual completions. It should appear in the list of completers before any of the widgets which generate matches. It uses two styles: `old-list` and `old-menu`, see 19.3 Completion System Configuration.

`_prefix`
  This completer can be used to try completion with the suffix (everything after the cursor) ignored. In other words, the suffix will not be considered to be part of the word to complete and hence does not need to be matched. It uses the `completer` style to decide which other completers to call to try to generate matches. If this style is unset, the list of completers set for the current context is used -- except, of course, the `_prefix` completer itself. Furthermore, if this completer appears more than once in the list of completers only those completers not already tried by the last invocation of `_prefix` will be called.

  For example, consider this global `completer` style:

      zstyle ':completion:*' completer \
          _complete _prefix _correct _prefix:foo

  Here, the `_prefix` completer tries normal completion but ignoring the suffix. If that doesn't generate any matches, and neither does the call to the `_correct` completer after it, `_prefix` will be called a second time and, now only trying correction with the suffix ignored. If you want to use `_prefix` as the last resort and try only normal completion, you can use:

      zstyle ':completion:*' completer _complete ... _prefix
      zstyle ':completion::prefix:*' completer _complete

  The `add-space` style is also used. If it is set to `true' then `_prefix` will insert a space between the matches generated (if any) and the suffix.

  Note that this completer is only useful if the `COMPLETE_IN_WORD` option is set; otherwise, the cursor will be moved to the end of the current word before the completion code is called and hence there will be no suffix.

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## 19.5 Bindable Commands

In addition to the context-dependent completions provided, which are expected to work in an intuitively obvious way, there are a few widgets implementing special behaviour which can be bound separately to keys. The following is a list of these and their default bindings.

`_bash_completions`
  This function is used by two widgets, `_bash_complete-word` and `_bash_list-choices`. It exists to provide compatibility with completion bindings in bash. The last character of the binding determines what is completed: ``!`', command names; ``$`', environment variables; ``@`', host names; ``/`', file names; ``~`' user names. In bash, the binding preceded by ``\e`' gives completion, and preceded by ``^X`' lists options. As some of these bindings clash with standard zsh bindings, only ``\e~`' and ``^X~`' are bound by default. To add the rest, the following should be added to `.zshrc` after `compinit` has been run:

      for key in '!' '$' '@' '/' '~'; do
        bindkey "\e$key" _bash_complete-word
        bindkey "^X$key" _bash_list-choices
      done

  This includes the bindings for ``~`' in case they were already bound to something else; the completion code does not override user bindings.

`_correct_filename (^XC)`
  Correct the filename path at the cursor position. Allows up to six errors in the name. Can also be called with an argument to correct a filename path, independently of zle; the correction is printed on standard output.

`_correct_word` (^Xc)
  Performs correction of the current argument using the usual contextual completions as possible choices. This stores the string ``correct-word`' in the function field of the context name and then calls the `_correct` completer.

`_expand_alias (^Xa)`
  This function can be used as a completer and as a bindable command. It expands the word the cursor is on if it is an alias. The types of aliases expanded can be controlled with the `regular`, `global` and `disabled` styles.

  When used as a bindable command there is one additional feature that can be selected by setting the `complete` style to `true'. In this case, if the word isn't the name of an alias, `_expand_alias` tries to complete the word to a full alias name without expanding it (but leaving the cursor directly after the completed word so that invoking `_expand_alias` once more will expand the now-complete alias name).

`_expand_word (^Xe)`
  Performs expansion on the current word: equivalent to the standard `expand-word` command, but using the `_expand` completer. Before calling it, the function field is set to ``expand-word`'.

`_generic`
  This function is not defined as a widget and not bound by default. However, it can be used to define a widget and will then store the name of the widget in the function field of the context and call the completion system. This allows custom completion widgets with their own set of style settings to be easily defined. For example, to define a widget that does normal completion and starts menu selection, one could do:

      zle -C foo complete-word _generic
      bindkey '...' foo
      zstyle ':completion:foo:*' menu yes select=1

`_history_complete_word` (\e/)
  Complete words from the shell's command history. This uses the `list`, `remove-all-dups`, `sort`, and `stop` styles.

`_most_recent_file (^Xm)`
  Complete the name of the most recently modified file matching the pattern on the command line (which may be blank). If given a numeric argument N, complete the Nth most recently modified file. Note the completion, if any, is always unique.

`_next_tags` (^Xn)
  This command alters the set of matches used to that for the next tag, or set of tags, either as given by the `tag-order` style or as set by default; these matches would otherwise not be available. Successive invocations of the command cycle through all possible sets of tags.

`_read_comp (^X^R)`
  Prompt the user for a string, and use that to perform completion on the current word. There are two possibilities for the string. First, it can be a set of words beginning ``_`', for example ``_files -/`', in which case the function with any arguments will be called to generate the completions. Unambiguous parts of the function name will be completed automatically (normal completion is not available at this point) until a space is typed.

  Second, any other string will be passed as a set of arguments to `compadd` and should hence be an expression specifying what should be completed.

  A very restricted set of editing commands is available when reading the string: ``DEL`' and ``^H`' delete the last character; ``^U`' deletes the line, and ``^C`' and ``^G`' abort the function, while ``RET`' accepts the completion. Note the string is used verbatim as a command line, so arguments must be quoted in accordance with standard shell rules.

  Once a string has been read, the next call to `_read_comp` will use the existing string instead of reading a new one. To force a new string to be read, call `_read_comp` with a numeric argument.

`_complete_debug (^X?)`
  This widget performs ordinary completion, but captures in a temporary file a trace of the shell commands executed by the completion system. Each completion attempt gets its own file. A command to view each of these files is pushed onto the editor buffer stack.

`_complete_help (^Xh)`
  This widget displays information about the context names, the tags, and the completion functions used when completing at the current cursor position. If given a numeric argument other than `1` (as in ``ESC-2 ^Xh`'), then the styles used and the contexts for which they are used will be shown, too.

  Note that the information about styles may be incomplete; it depends on the information available from the completion functions called, which in turn is determined by the user's own styles and other settings.

`_complete_tag (^Xt)`
  This widget completes symbol tags created by the `etags` or `ctags` programmes (note there is no connection with the completion system's tags) stored in a file `TAGS`, in the format used by `etags`, or `tags`, in the format created by `ctags`. It will look back up the path hierarchy for the first occurrence of either file; if both exist, the file `TAGS` is preferred. You can specify the full path to a `TAGS` or `tags` file by setting the parameter `$TAGSFILE` or `$tagsfile` respectively. The corresponding completion tags used are `etags` and `vtags`, after emacs and vi respectively.

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## 19.6 Utility Functions

Descriptions follow for utility functions that may be useful when writing completion functions. Most of these reside in the `Base` subdirectory. Like the example functions for commands in the distribution, the utility functions generating matches all follow the convention of returning zero if they generated completions and non-zero if no matching completions could be added.

When writing completion functions or other ZLE widgets that call completion, it might be interesting to know about two more features offered by the `_main_complete` function. The arrays `compprefuncs` and `comppostfuncs` may be set to contain names of functions that are to be called immediately before or after completion has been tried. The functions will only be called once, unless they put themselves into the arrays again.

`_all_labels` [ `-12VJ` ] tag name descr [ command args ... ]
  This is a convenient interface to the `_next_label` function below, implementing the loop shown in the `_next_label` example. The command is the one that should be called to generate the matches. The options stored in the parameter name will automatically be inserted into the args given to the command. Normally, they are put directly after the command, but if one of the args is a single hyphen, they are inserted directly before that. If the hyphen is the last argument, that will be removed from the argument list before the command is called. This allows `_all_labels` to be used in almost all cases where the matches can be generated by a single call to the `compadd` builtin command or by a call to one of the utility functions.

  For example:

      local expl
      ...
      if _requested foo; then
        ...
        _all_labels foo expl '...' compadd ... - $matches
      fi

  Will complete the strings from the `matches` parameter, using `compadd` with additional options which will take precedence over those generated by `_all_labels`.

`_alternative` [ `-C` name ] specs ...
  This function is useful in simple cases where multiple tags are available. Essentially, it implements a loop like the one described for the `_tags` function above.

  The tags to use and the action to perform if a tag is requested are described using the specs which are of the form: `tag`:`descr`:`action'. The tags are offered using `_tags` and if the tag is requested, the action is executed with the given description descr. The actions supported are those used by the `_arguments` function (described below), without the ``->`state' and ``=`...' forms.

  For example, the action may be a simple function call. With that one could do:

      _alternative \
          'users:user:_users' \
          'hosts:host:_hosts'

  to offer usernames and hostnames as possible matches (which are generated by the `_users` and `_hosts` functions respectively).

  Note that, like `_arguments` this will also use `_all_labels` to execute the actions, so one doesn't need to call that explicitly unless another tag is to be used, for example in a function called from `_alternative`.

  Like `_tags` this function supports the `-C` option to give a different name for the argument context field.

`_arguments` [ `-ACS` ] [ `-O` name ] [ `-M` matchspec ] spec ...
  This function can be used to complete words on the line by describing the options and arguments which may be passed to the command for which completion is being performed. The description is given as arguments to this function, with each spec describing one option or normal argument of the command. The forms of spec understood are:

  n`:`message`:`action
  n`::`message`:`action
    This describes the n'th normal argument. The message will be printed above the matches generated and the action says what can be completed in this position (see below). If there are two colons before the message, this describes an optional argument. If the message contains only white space, nothing will be printed above the matches unless the action adds an explanation string itself.

  `:`message`:`action
  `::`message`:`action
    Like the previous one, but describing the next argument. I.e. if you want to describe all arguments a command can get, you can leave out the numbers in the description and just use this form to describe them one after another in the order they have to appear on the line.

  `*:`message`:`action
  `*::`message`:`action
  `*:::`message`:`action
    This describes how arguments (usually non-option arguments, those not beginning with `-` or `+`) are to be completed when no description with one of the first two forms was given. This also means that any number of arguments can be completed.

    With two colons before the message, the `words` special array and the `CURRENT` special parameter are modified to refer only to the normal arguments when the action is executed or evaluated. With three colons before the message they are modified to refer only to the normal arguments covered by this description.

  optspec[description ...]
    This describes an option and (if description is given) the arguments that have to come after the option. If no description is given, this means to offer only the option name as a possible completion in the right places. (Note that the brackets, above, around description, indicate that zero or more descriptions may appear; but the brackets are not themselves part of this format. If brackets are used, they are part of the optspec; see below.)

    In the descriptions below, the option names represented by optname are normally taken to be multi-character names, and a word from the line is considered to contain only one option (or none). By giving the `-s` option to `_arguments` before the first spec, each optname is considered to be a single character and each word from the line may contain more than one such option letter. However, words beginning with two hyphens (like ``-``-prefix`') are still considered to contain only one option name. This allows the use of the ``-s`' option to describe single-letter options together with such long option names.

    The `-s` option may be combined with the option `-w` to say that more option characters are to be expected even after an option that takes an argument. For example, if a command takes the options ``a`' and ``b`', where ``a`' takes an argument in the next word, `_arguments` would normally not complete the other option directly after ``-a`', but it would allow that if given the `-w` option.

    Similarly, the option `-W` may be given together with `-s` to force completion of single-letter options even after options that get an argument in the same word. For example, if a command takes the options ``a`' and ``b`', where ``a`' needs an argument in the same word, directly after the option character, `_arguments` would normally only execute the action for that argument and not offer other single-letter options as possible completions. If given the `-W` option, it will offer other options as possible completions after executing the action for the argument. Note that, depending on the action, this may mean that the other options can't really be completed, but at least they will be listed. For more control, use an utility function like `_guard` in the argument's action.

    The forms of optspec are:

    `*`optspec
      If the option may be given more than once, a star (``*`') must be added in front of one of the following forms of optspec. Otherwise, if the option is already on the line and to the left of the cursor, it is not offered as a possible completion again.

    `-`optname
    `+`optname
      In the simplest form the optspec is just the option name beginning with a minus or a plus sign, such as ``-foo`'. The first argument for the option (if any) must follow as a separate word directly after the option.

      If the command accepts the option with either a leading minus or a leading plus sign, use either ``-+`optname' or ``+-`optname' to define both variants at once.

      In all the following forms, the leading ``-`' may be replaced or paired with ``+`' in this way.

    `-`optname`-`
      The first argument of the option must come directly after the option name in the same word, as in ``-foo-:`...'.

    `-`optname`+`
      The first argument may appear immediately after optname in the same word, or may instead appear as a separate word after the option.

    `-`optname`=`
      The argument may appear as the next word, or in same word as the option name provided that it is separated from it by an equals sign.

    `-`optname`=-`
      The argument to the option must appear after an equals sign in the same word, and may not be given in the next argument.

    optspec`[`explanation`]`
      An explanation string may be appended to any of the preceding forms of optspec by enclosing it in brackets, as in ``-q[query operation]`'.

      The `verbose` style is used to decide if these explanation strings should be displayed with the option in a completion listing.

      If no bracketed explanation string is given but the `auto-description` style is set and only one argument is described for this optspec, the value of the style is displayed, with any appearance of the sequence ``%d`' in it replaced by the message of the first description that follows the optspec; see below.

    Note that the special meaning of a leading or trailing `-` or `+` in optspec means that when the command to be completed accepts options like ``-+`' or ``-=`', the second character has to be quoted with a backslash, as in ``-\+`'.

    Each description following an optspec must take one of the following forms:

    `:`message`:`action
    `::`message`:`action
      Describes a mandatory argument with one colon, or an optional argument with two colons. As in other forms of spec, the message will be printed above the matches generated (unless it contains only white space, see above) and the action says what can be completed in this position.

    `:*`pattern`:`message`:`action
    `:*`pattern`::`message`:`action
    `:*`pattern`:::`message`:`action
      This describes multiple arguments. Only the last description may be given in this form. If the pattern is empty (i.e., `:*:`), all following words on the line are to be completed as described by the action; otherwise, all words up to a word matching the pattern are to be completed using the action.

      When the message is preceded by two colons, the `words` special array and the `CURRENT` special parameter are modified during the execution or evaluation of the action to refer only to the words after the option. When preceded by three colons, they are modified to refer only to the words covered by this description.

      Note that only one such ``:*`'-specification is useful and no other argument specification may be given after it.

  To include a colon in any optname, message, or action anywhere above, it has to be preceded by a backslash, as ``\:`'.

  Each of the six forms of spec (yes, there are six, keep track of the nestings) may be preceded by a list of option names and argument numbers with which the option or argument described is mutually exclusive. This list is given in parentheses, as in ``(-two -three 1)-one:...`' or ``(-foo):...`'. In the first example, the options ``-two`' and ``-three`' and the first argument will not be offered as possible completions if the option ``-one`' is on the line before the cursor, and in the second example the option ``-foo`' will not be offered if the argument described by the specification is on the line.

  The list may also contain a single star (`*`) as one of its elements to specify that the description for the rest arguments (i.e. a specification of the form ``*:...`') should not be used, a colon (`:`) to specify that the descriptions for all normal (non-option-) arguments should not be used and a hyphen (`-`) to specify that the descriptions for all options should not be used. This paragraph desperately needs rewriting.

  To simplify writing writing functions that call `_arguments` more than once, the specs may also start with the character ``!`' (exclamation mark) to make the spec not be completed. However, if this is used with one of the forms describing options, the option (and its arguments, if it takes any) will be understood and skipped if they appear on the command line. It's just that the option itself will not be completed. This is intended to be used with an array containing the options used in the first call to `arguments`. The second call can then use ``\!${^global_options}`' to ignore those options and complete only the ones understood in the current context.

  In every case above, the action determines how the possible completions should be generated. In places where no sensible matches can be generated, the action should consist of only a space. This will make the message be displayed but no possible completions listed. Note that even in this case the colon at the end of the message is needed. The only case where it can be left is when neither a message, nor a action is given.

  Except for the ``->`string' form below, the action will be executed by calling the `_all_labels` function to process all tag labels, so one doesn't need to call that explicitly unless another tag is to be used, for example in a function called in the action.

  When only one of a fixed set of strings can be completed, the action can consist of these strings as a list in parentheses, as in:

      :foo:(foo bar baz)

  Such a list in doubled parentheses should contain strings consisting of the string to complete followed by ``\:`' and a description, as in:

      :foo:((a\:bar b\:baz))

  The matches will be listed together with their descriptions if the `description` style for the `values` tag is set.

  An action of the form ``->`string' is used by functions that implement a state machine. In this case, the `string's (with all leading and trailing spaces and tabs removed) of all actions that have to be used will be stored in the global array `state`. The function returns with a non-zero return value if the cursor is not in a position where options can be completed or if the current word could not be completed to an option. But if the `-R` option is given to `_arguments`, the function will instead return with a return value of 300 (to make it distinguishable from other return values) after setting the global ``context`', ``line`' and ``opt_args`' parameters as described below, and without resetting any changes made to the special parameters such as `PREFIX` and `words`. This enables wrapper functions around `_arguments` to be able to find out if they have to make sure that the special completion parameters are not reset when they return.

  Note that this means that a function calling `_arguments` with at least one action containing such a ``->`string' has to declare appropriate local parameters as in:

      local context state line
      typeset -A opt_args

  This will ensure that `_arguments` does not create unused global parameters.

  A string in braces is evaluated to generate the matches and if the action does not begin with an opening parentheses or brace, it is also split into separate words and executed. If the action starts with a space, this list of words will be invoked unchanged, otherwise it will be invoked with some extra strings placed after the first word which can be given as arguments to the `compadd` builtin command and which make sure that the message given in the description will be shown above the matches. These arguments are taken from the array parameter ``expl`' which will be set up before executing the action and hence may be used in it (normally in an expansion like ``$expl[@]`').

  If the action starts with ``=` ' (an equals sign followed by a space), `_arguments` will insert the contents of the argument field of the current context as the new first element in the `words` special array and increments the value of the `CURRENT` special parameter. In other words, it inserts a dummy element in the `words` array and makes `CURRENT` still point to the word in that array where the cursor is. This is only really useful when used with one of the forms that make `_arguments` modify the `words` array to contain only some of the words from the line, i.e. one of the argument description forms where the message is preceded by two or three colons. For example, when the function called in the action for such an argument itself uses `_arguments`, the dummy element is needed to make that second call to `_arguments` use all words from the restricted range for argument parsing. Without the inserted dummy element, the first word in the range would be taken (by the second `_arguments`) to be the command name and hence ignored.

  During the evaluation or execution of the action the array ``line`' will be set to the command name and normal arguments from the command line, i.e. to the words from the command line excluding all options and their arguments. These are stored in the associative array ``opt_args`', using the option names as keys and their arguments as the values. For options that have more than one argument these are given as one string, separated by colons. All colons in the original arguments are preceded with backslashes.

  The parameter ``context`' (set only in the calling function when using an action of the form ``->`string', not during the evaluation of other actions) is set to the automatically created context names. These are either strings of the form ``option`-opt`-`n' for the n'th argument of the option -opt, or strings of the form ``argument-`n' for the n'th argument (for rest arguments the n is the string ``rest`'). For example, when completing the argument of the `-o` option, the name is ``option-o-1`' and for the second normal (non-option-) argument it is ``argument-2`'.

  Also, during the evaluation of the action, the context name in the `curcontext` parameter is changed by appending the same string that is stored in the `context` parameter.

  It is also possible to specify multiple sets of options and arguments with the sets separated by single hyphens. The specifications before the first hyphen are shared by all sets given after the first hyphen. The first word in every other set gives the name of the set. This name may appear in exclusion lists in the specifications, either alone or before one of the possible values described above (with a ``-`' between the name and the rest).

  For example:

      _arguments \
          -a \
        - set1 \
          -c \
        - set2 \
          -d \
          ':arg:(x2 y2)'

  This defines two sets. When the command line contains the option ``-c`', the ``-d`' option and the argument will not be considered possible completions. When it contains ``-d`' or an argument, the option ``-c`' will not be completed any more, but if ``-a`' is given, both sets will still be considered valid, because it appears before the first hyphen, so both sets contain this option.

  If the name-string is of the form ``(`name`)`' then all specifications in the set have an implicit exclusion list containing the name of the set, i.e. all specifications are mutual exclusive with all other specifications in the same set. This is useful for defining multiple sets of options which are mutually exclusive and in which the options are aliases for each other. E.g.:

      _arguments \
          -a -b \
        - '(compress)' \
          {-c,--compress}'[compress]' \
        - '(uncompress)' \
          {-d,--decompress}'[decompress]'

  Note that using multiple sets will be slower than using only one set because the completion code has to parse the command line once for every set. So more than one set should only be used if the command syntax is too complicated. Note also that an option specification with rest-arguments (as in ``-foo:*:...`') often allows the use of multiple sets to be avoided.

  To simplify the specifications for commands with standard option parsing, the options `-S` and `-A` may be given. With `-S`, no option will be completed after a ``-``-`' on the line and this argument will otherwise be ignored. With `-A`, no options will be completed after the first non-option argument on the line. The `-A` has to be followed by a pattern matching all strings which are not to be taken as arguments. For example, to make `_arguments` stop completing options after the first normal argument, but ignoring all strings starting with a hyphen even if they are not described by one of the optspecs, one would use: ``-A "-*"`'.

  Another option supported is ``-O` name'. The name will be taken as the name of an array and its elements will be given to functions called to generate matches when executing the actions. For example, this allows one to give options for the `compadd` builtin that should be used for all actions.

  Also, the `-M` option followed by a string may be given before the first description. The string will be used as the match specification when completing option names and values instead of the default ``r:|[_-]=* r:|=*`'.

  Finally, the option `-C` can be given to make `_arguments` modify the `curcontext` parameter when an action of the form ``->`state' is used. This parameter is used to keep track of the current context and in this case it (and not the parameter `context` as explained above) has to be made local to make sure that calling functions don't use the modified value. Also, the local version of `curcontext` has to be initialised with the old value as in:

      local curcontext="$curcontext"

  The function can also be made to automatically complete long options for commands that support the ``-``-help`' option as, for example, most of the GNU commands do. For this, the string ``-``-`' must be given as one argument and if it is, the command from the line is invoked with the ``-``-help`' option and its output is parsed to find possible option names. Note that this means that you should be careful to make sure that this feature is not used for a command that does not support this option.

  For such automatically found options that get an argument after an ``=`', the function also tries to automatically find out what should be completed as the argument. The possible completions for option-arguments can be described with the arguments after the ``-``-`' (which are not used as described above). Each argument contains one description of the form `pattern`:`message`:`action'. The message and the action have the same format as for the normal option descriptions described above. The action will be executed to complete arguments of options whose description in the output of the command from the line with the ``-``-help`' option matches the pattern. For example:

      _arguments -- '*\*:toggle:(yes no)' \
                    '*=FILE*:file:_files' \
                    '*=DIR*:directory:_files -/'

  Here, ``yes`' and ``no`' will be completed as the argument of options whose description ends in a star, file names for options that contain the substring ``=FILE`' in the description, and paths for options whose description contains ``=DIR`'. In fact, the last two patterns are not needed since this function always completes files for option descriptions containing ``=FILE`' and paths for option descriptions that contain ``=DIR`' or ``=PATH`'. These builtin patterns can be overridden by patterns given as arguments, however.

  Note also that `_arguments` tries to find out automatically if the argument for an option is optional. If it fails to automatically detect this, the colon before the message can be doubled to tell it about this as described for the normal option descriptions above.

  If the pattern ends in ``(-)`', this will removed from the pattern and the action will be used only directly after the ``=`', not in the next word. I.e., this is like a normal specification as described above using ``=-`'.

  The option ``-i` patterns' (which must be given after the ``-``-`') can be used to give patterns for options which should not be completed. The patterns can be given as the name of an array parameter or as a literal list in parentheses. E.g. ``-i "(-``-(en|dis)able-FEATURE*)"`' will make the options ``-``-enable-FEATURE`' and ``-``-disable-FEATURE`' be ignored. The option ``-s` pairs' (again, after the ``-``-`') can be used to describe option aliases. Each pair consists of a pattern and a replacement. E.g. some `configure`-scripts describe options only as ``-``-enable-foo`', but also accept ``-``-disable-foo`'. To allow completion of the second form, one would use ``-s "(#-``-enable- -``-disable-)"`'.

  Example:

      _arguments '-l+:left border:' \
                 '-format:paper size:(letter A4)' \
                 '*-copy:output file:_files::resolution:(300 600)' \
                 ':postscript file:_files -g \*.\(ps\|eps\)' \
                 '*:page number:'

  This describes three options: ``-l`', ``-format`', and ``-copy`'. The first one gets one argument described as `left border' for which no completion will be offered because of the empty action. The argument may come directly after the ``-l`' or it may be given as the next word on the line. The ``-format`' option gets one argument (in the next word) described as `paper size' for which only the strings ``letter`' and ``A4`' will be completed. The ``-copy`' option differs from the first two in that it may appear more than once on the command line and in that it accepts two arguments. The first one is mandatory and will be completed as a filename. The second one is optional (because of the second colon before the description `resolution') and will be completed from the strings ``300`' and ``600`'.

  The last two descriptions say what should be completed as arguments. The first one describes the first argument as a `postscript file' and makes files ending in ``ps`' or ``eps`' be completed. The last description says that all other arguments are `page numbers' but does not give possible completions.

`_cache_invalid` cache_identifier
  This function returns 0 if the completions cache corresponding to the given cache identifier needs rebuilding. It determines this by looking up the `cache-policy` style for the current context, and if it exists, runs the function of the same name, supplying the full path to the relevant cache file as the only argument.

  Example:

      _example_caching_policy () {
          # rebuild if cache is more than a week old
          oldp=( "$1"(Nmw+1) )
          (( $#oldp ))
      }

`_call_function` return name [ args ... ]
  If a function name exists, it is called with the arguments args. Unless it is the empty string or a single hyphen, return is taken as the name of a parameter and the return status from the called function is stored in it. The return value of `_call_function` itself is zero if the function name exists and was called and non-zero otherwise.

`_call_program` tag string ...
  This function is used in places where a command is called, making it possible for the user to override the default command call. It looks up the `command` style with the supplied tag. If the style is set, its value is used as the command to execute.

  In any case, the strings from the call to `_call_program` or from the style are concatenated with spaces between them and the resulting string is evaluated. The return value is the return value of the command called.

`_combination` [ `-s` pattern ] tag style specs ... field opts ...
  This function is used to complete combinations of values such as pairs of hostnames and usernames. The possible values will be taken from the style whose name is given as the second argument. The first argument is the tag to use to do the lookup.

  The style name should consist of multiple parts separated by hyphens which are then used as field names. Known values for such fields can be given after the second argument in arguments of the form `field`=`pattern'. The first argument without an equals sign is taken as the name of the field for which completions should be generated.

  The matches generated will be taken from the value of the style. These values should contain the possible values for the combinations where the values for the different fields are separated by colons or characters matching the pattern given after the `-s` option to `_combination`; normally this is used to define character classes like the ``-s "[:@]"`' used for the `users-hosts` style.

  Only the values for the requested fields for which the patterns given in the `field`=`pattern' match the respective fields in the strings from the style value are generated as possible matches.

  If no style with the given name is defined for the given tag but a function named with the name of the requested field preceded by an underscore is defined, that function will be called to generate the matches. This is also done if none of the strings in the value of the style match all the patterns given as arguments.

  If the same name is used for more than one field, in both the `field`=`pattern' and the argument that gives the field name to complete for, the number of the field (starting with one) may be given after the fieldname, separated from it by a colon.

  All arguments after the requested field name are passed to `compadd` when generating matches from the style value, or to the functions for the fields if they are called.

`_contexts` names ...
  This function looks up the definitions for the context and command names given as arguments and calls the handler functions for them if there is a definition (given with the `compdef` function). For example, the function completing inside subscripts might use ``_contexts -math-`' to include the completions generated for mathematical environments.

`_describe` [ `-o` ] descr name1 [ name2 ] opts ... `-``-` ...
  This function is useful for preparing a list of command options or arguments, together with their descriptions descr, as matches. Multiple groups separated by `-``-` can be supplied, potentially with different completion options opts.

  The descr is taken as a string to display above the matches if the `format` style for the `descriptions` tag is set. After this come one or two names of arrays followed by options to pass to `compadd`. The first array contains the possible completions with their descriptions in the form `completion`:`description'. If a second array is given, it should have the same number of elements as the first one and the corresponding elements are added as possible completions instead of the completion strings from the first array. The completion list will retain the descriptions from the first array. Finally, a set of completion options can appear.

  If the option ``-o`' appears before the first argument, the matches added will be treated as option names (typically following a ``-`', ``-``-`' or ``+`' on the command line). This makes `_describe` use the `prefix-hidden`, `prefix-needed` and `verbose` styles to find out if the strings should be added at all and if the descriptions should be shown. Without the ``-o`' option, only the `verbose` style is used.

  `_describe` uses the `_all_labels` function to generate the matches, so it does not need to appear inside a loop over tag labels.

`_description` [ `-12VJ` ] tag name descr [ specs ... ]
  This function is called before completions are added (typically by a call to `compadd`); it tests various styles and arranges for any necessary options to be passed on to `compadd`. The styles are tested in the current context using the given tag; options are put into the array called name for passing on to `compadd`; the description for the current set of matches is passed in descr. The styles tested are: `format` (which is first tested for the given tag and then for the `descriptions` tag if that isn't defined), `hidden`, `matcher`, `ignored-patterns` and `group-name` (the last are tested only for the tag given as the first argument). This function also calls the `_setup` function which tests some more styles.

  The string returned by the `format` style (if any) will be modified so that the sequence ``%d`' is replaced by the descr given as the third argument without any leading or trailing white space. If, after removing the white space, the descr is the empty string, the format style will not be used and the options put into the name array will not contain an explanation string to be displayed above the matches. If `_description` is called with more than three arguments, the additional specs should be of the form `char`:`str' and every appearance of ``%`char' in the format string will be replaced by string.

  The options placed in the array will also make sure that the matches are placed in a separate group, depending on the value of the `group-name` style. Normally a sorted group will be used for this (with the ``-J`' option), but if an option starting with ``-V`', ``-J`', ``-1`', or ``-2`' is given, that option will be included in the array, so that it is possible to make the group unsorted by giving the option ``-V`', ``-1V`', or ``-2V`'.

  In most cases, the function will be used like this:

      local expl
      _description files expl file
      compadd "$expl[@]" - "$files[@]"

  Note the use of the parameter `expl`, the hyphen, and the list of matches. Almost all calls to `compadd` within the completion system use a similar format; this ensures that user-specified styles are correctly passed down to the builtins which implement the internals of completion.

`_files`
  The function `_files` uses the `file-patterns` style and calls `_path_files` with all the arguments it was passed except for `-g` and `-/`. These two options are used depending on the setting of the `file-patterns` style.

  See `_path_files` below for a description of the full set of options accepted by `_files`.

`_gnu_generic`
  This function is a simple wrapper around the `_arguments` function described above. It can be used to automatically complete long options for commands that understand the ``-``-help`' option. It is not intended to be used from completion functions but as a top-level completion function in its own right. For example, to enable option completion for the commands `foo` and `bar`, one would call:

      compdef _gnu_generic foo bar

  in one of the initialization files after the call to `compinit`.

  The default installation uses this function only to generate completions for some GNU-commands because to complete the options, the command has to be called and hence it shouldn't be used if one can't be sure that the command understands the ``-``-help`' option.

`_guard` [ options ] pattern [ descr ]
  This function is intended to be used in an action of functions like `_arguments`. It returns immediately with a non-zero return value if the string to be completed does not match the pattern. If the pattern matches, the descr is displayed and the function returns zero if the word to complete is not empty and non-zero otherwise.

  The pattern may be preceded by those options understood by `compadd` that are passed down from `_description`, namely `-M`, `-J`, `-V`, `-1`, `-2`, `-n`, `-F` and `-X`. All of these options, except `-X`, will be ignored. If the `-X` option appears, the description following it will be used as the string to display if the pattern matches, unless the option descr is given to `_guard` itself, which will then take precedence.

  As an example, consider a command taking the options `-n` and `-none`, where `-n` has to be followed by a numeric value in the same word. By using either of:

      _argument '-n-:numeric value:_guard "[0-9]#"' '-none'

  or

      _argument '-n-: :_guard "[0-9]#" "numeric value"' '-none'

  `_arguments` can be made to both display the message ``numeric value`' and complete options after ``-n<TAB>`'. If the ``-n`' is already followed by one or more digits (matching the pattern given to `_guard`), only the message will be displayed and if the ``-n`' is followed by another character, only options are completed.

`_message` [ -r ] descr
  The descr is used like the third argument to the `_description` function. However, the resulting string will always be shown whether or not matches were generated. This is useful to display help texts in places where no completions can be generated automatically.

  This function also uses the `format` style for the `messages` tag in preference to the `format` style for the `descriptions` tag. The latter is used only if the former is unset.

  If the `-r` option is given, no style is used and the descr is used literally as the string to display. This is only used in cases where that string is taken from some pre-processed argument list containing an expanded description.

`_multi_parts` sep array
  This function receives two arguments: a separator character and an array. As usual, the array may be either the name of an array parameter or a literal array in the form ``(foo bar``)`' (i.e. a list of words separated by white space in parentheses). With these arguments, this function will complete to strings from the array where the parts separated by the separator character are completed independently. For example, the `_tar` function from the distribution caches the pathnames from the tar file in an array, and then calls this function to complete these names in the way normal filenames are completed by the `_path_files` function, by using ``_multi_parts` `/` patharray'.

  If the `-i` option is present, then any time there is a unique match it will immediately be inserted even if that requires additional separators to be inserted as well. When completing from a fixed set of possible completions which are really words, this is often the expected behaviour; however, if `_multi_parts` should behave like completing pathnames, the `-i` option should not be used.

  Like other utility functions, this function accepts the ``-V`', ``-J`', ``-1`', ``-2`', ``-n`', ``-f`', ``-X`', ``-M`', ``-P`', ``-S`', ``-r`', ``-R`', and ``-q`' options and passes them to the `compadd` builtin.

`_next_label` [ `-12VJ` ] tag name descr [ options ... ]
  This function should be called repeatedly to generate the tag labels. On each call it will check if another tag label is to be used and, if there is at least one, zero is returned. If no more tag labels are to be used, a non-zero status is returned.

  The `-12JV` options and the first three arguments are given to the `_description` function using the tag label instead of the first argument as appropriate. The options given after the descr should be other options to be used for `compadd` or whatever function is to be called to add the matches. `_next_label` will store these options in the parameter whose name is given as the second argument. This is done in such a way that the description given by the user to the `tag-order` style is preferred over the one given to `_next_label`.

  Note that this function must not be called without a previous call to `_tags` or `_requested` because it uses the tag label for the current tag found by these functions.

  A normal use of this function for the tag labels of the tag `foo` looks like this:

      local expl ret=1
      ...
      if _requested foo; then
        ...
        while _next_label foo expl '...'; do
          compadd "$expl[@]" ... && ret=0
        done
        ...
      fi
      return ret

`_normal`
  This function is used for normal command completion. It has two tasks: completing the first word on the command line as the name of a command, and completing the arguments to this command. In the second case, the name of the command is looked up to see if special completions exists, including completions defined for patterns which match the name. If none is found, completion is performed for the context `-default-`.

  The function can also be called by other completion functions which need to treat a range of words as a command line. For example, the function to complete after the pre-command specifiers such as `nohup` removes the first word from the `words` array, decrements the `CURRENT` parameter, then calls `_normal` again, with the effect that ``nohup` cmd ...' is treated the same way was `cmd ...'.

  If the command name matches a pattern, the parameter `_compskip` is checked after the call to the corresponding completion function. This has the same effect here as in the `-first-` context: if it is set, no more completion functions are called even if there are no matches so far.

`_options`
  This can be used to complete option names. It uses a matching specification that ignores a leading ``no`', ignores underscores and allows the user to type upper-case letters which will match their lower-case counterparts. All arguments passed to this function are propagated unchanged to the `compadd` builtin.

`_options_set` and `_options_unset`
  These functions complete only set or unset options, with the same matching specification used in the `_options` function.

  Note that you need to uncomment a few lines in the `_main_complete` function for these functions to work properly. The lines in question are used to store the option settings in effect before the completion widget locally sets the options it needs. Hence these options are not generally used by the completion system.

`_parameters`
  This should be used to complete parameter names. `_parameters` can take a `-g pattern` option which specifies that only parameters whose type matches the pattern should be completed. Strings of the same form as those returned by the `t` parameter expansion flag are used here when matching the type. All other arguments are passed unchanged to the `compadd` builtin.

`_path_files`
  The function `_path_files` is used throughout the completion system to complete filenames. It allows completion of partial paths. For example, the string ``/u/i/s/sig`' may be completed to ``/usr/include/sys/signal.h`'.

  The options accepted by both `_path_files` and `_files` are:

  `-f`
    Complete all filenames. This is the default.

  `-/`
    Specifies that only directories should be completed.

  `-g` pattern
    Specifies that only files matching the pattern should be completed.

  `-W` paths
    Specifies path prefixes that are to be prepended to the string from the line to generate the filenames but that should not be inserted in the line or shown in a completion listing. Here, paths may be the name of an array parameter, a literal list of paths enclosed in parentheses or an absolute pathname.

  `-F`
    This option from the `compadd` builtin gives direct control over which filenames should be ignored. If the option is not present, the `ignored-patterns` style is used.

  These functions also accept the ``-J`', ``-V`', ``-1`', ``-2`', ``-n`', ``-X`', ``-M`', ``-P`', ``-S`', ``-q`', ``-r`', and ``-R`' options from the `compadd` builtin.

  Finally, the `_path_files` function uses the styles `expand`, `ambiguous`, `special-dirs`, `list-suffixes` and `file-sort`.

`_regex_arguments` name specs ...
  This function is a compiler to generate a completion function. The first argument specifies the name of the generated function while the remaining arguments specify a completion as a set of regular expressions with actions. The generated function has the structure of a finite-state machine whose states correspond to the state (i.e. the context) of the completion. This state machine uses a command line, which comes from the concatenation of the `words` array up to the current cursor position using null characters as separators with no extra quotation. This is analysed and at the end the appropriate action is executed.

  Specification arguments take one of following forms, in which metacharacters such as ``(`', ``)`', ``#`' and ``|`' should be quoted.

  `/`pattern`/` [`%`lookahead`%`] [`-`guard] [`:`tag`:`descr`:`action]
    This is a primitive element, corresponding to one state of the compiled state machine. The state is entered if ``(#b)((#B)`pattern`)(#B)`lookahead`*`' matches the command line string. If it matches, `guard' is evaluated and its return status is examined; if this is successful, the state is entered, otherwise the test fails and other candidates are tried. The pattern string ``[]`' is guaranteed never to match.

    If the test succeeds and the state is entered, the left part of the command line string matched as pattern is removed and the next state is tried, proceeding from inside to outside and from left to right.

    If no test succeeds and the remaining command line string contains no null character, the completion target is restricted to the remainder of the command line string and actions for the target are executed. In this case, nothing is actually removed from the command line string so that any previous or neighbouring state may also have actionss. actionss evaluation are ordered by the `tag-order` style and specified tag by `_alternative`. So, the various formats supported by `_alternative` can be used in action. descr is used for setting up the array parameter `expl`.

  `/`pattern`/+` [`%`lookahead`%`] [`-`guard] [`:`tag`:`descr`:`action]
    This is similar to ``/`pattern`/` ...' but the left part of the command line string is also considered as part of the completion target.

  `/`pattern`/-` [`%`lookahead`%`] [`-`guard] [`:`tag`:`descr`:`action]
    This is similar to ``/`pattern`/` ...' but the actions of the current and previous states are ignored even if the following state's `pattern' matches the empty string.

  `(` spec `)`
    This groups specs.

  spec `#`
    This allows any number of repetitions of spec.

  spec spec
    This represents the concatenation of two specs.

  spec `|` spec
    Either of the two specs can be matched.

`_requested` [ `-12VJ` ] tag [ name descr [ command args ... ] ]
  This function is called to decide whether a tag already registered by a call to `_tags` (see below) is requested and hence completion should be performed for it; it returns status zero if the tag is requested and non-zero otherwise. This will usually be done in a loop such as the following:

      _tags foo bar baz
      while _tags; do
        if _requested foo; then
          ... # perform completion for foo
        fi
        ... # test the tags bar and baz in the same way
        ... # exit loop if matches were generated
      done

  Note that the test for whether matches were generated is not performed until the end of the `_tags` loop. This is so that the user can specify a set of tags to be tested at the same time in the `tag-order` parameter.

  If the name and the descr are given, `_requested` calls the `_description` function with these arguments, including the options.

  If the command is given, the `_all_labels` function will be called immediately with the same arguments. This is often useful to do both the testing of the tag, getting the description for the matches and adding the matches at once. For example:

      local expl ret=1
      _tags foo bar baz
      while _tags; do
        _requested foo expl 'description' \
            compadd foobar foobaz && ret=0
        ...
        (( ret )) || break
      done

  Note that this means that the command has to accept the options that have to be passed down to `compadd`.

`_retrieve_cache` cache_identifier
  This function retrieves completion information from the file given by cache_identifier, stored in a directory specified by the `cache-path` style (defaults to `~/.zsh/cache`). The return value is zero if retrieval was successful. It will only attempt retrieval if the `use-cache` style is set, so you can call this function without worrying about whether the user wanted to use the caching layer.

  See `_store_cache` below for more details.

`_sep_parts`
  This function is passed alternating arrays and separators as arguments. The arrays specify completions for parts of strings to be separated by the separators. The arrays may be the names of array parameters or a quoted list of words in parentheses. For example, with the array ``hosts=(ftp news)`' the call ``_sep_parts '(foo bar)' @ hosts`' will complete the string ``f`' to ``foo`' and the string ``b@n`' to ``bar@news`'.

  This function passes the ``-V`', ``-J`', ``-1`', ``-2`', ``-n`', ``-X`', ``-M`', ``-P`', ``-S`', ``-r`', ``-R`', and ``-q`' options and their arguments to the `compadd` builtin used to add the matches.

`_setup` tag [ group ]
  This function expects a tag as its argument and sets up the special parameters used by the completion system appropriately for the tag, using styles such as `list-colors` and `last-prompt`.

  The optional group gives the name of the group in which the matches will be placed. If it is not given, the tag is used as the group name.

  Note that this function is called automatically from `_description` so that one normally doesn't have to call it explicitly.

`_store_cache` cache_identifier vars ...
  This function, when combined with `_retrieve_cache` and `_cache_invalid`, makes it easy to implement a caching layer for your completion functions. If a completion function needs to perform a costly operation in order to generate data which is used to calculate completions, you can store that data in variables, and use this function to dump the values of those variables to a file. Then, if they are needed in subsequent shell invocations, they can be retrieved quickly from that file via `_retrieve_cache`, avoiding the need for repeating the costly operation.

  The cache_identifier specifies the file which the data should be dumped to, and is stored in a directory specified by the `cache-path` style (defaults to `~/.zsh/cache`). The remaining vars arguments are the variables to dump to the file.

  The return value is zero if storage was successful. The function will only attempt storage if the `use-cache` style is set, so you can call this function without worrying about whether the user wanted to use the caching layer.

  If your completion function avoids calling _retrieve_cache when it already has the completion data in the environment, it should probably at least call `_cache_invalid` to check whether this data and the data cached on disk is still valid.

  See the _perl_modules completion function for a simple example of usage of this caching layer.

`_tags` [ `-C` name [ tags ... ] ]
  If called with arguments, these are taken as the names of the tags for the types of matches the calling completion function can generate in the current context. These tags are stored internally and sorted by using the `tag-order` style. Following calls to this function without arguments from the same function will then select the first, second, etc. set of tags requested by the user. To test if a certain tag should be tried, the `_requested` function has to be called (see above).

  The return value is zero if at least one of the tags is requested and non-zero otherwise.

  This function also accepts the `-C` option followed by a name. This name is temporarily (i.e. not visible outside `_tags`) stored in the argument field of the context name in the `curcontext` parameter. This allows `_tags` to be made to use a more specific context name without having to change and reset the `curcontext` parameter (which would otherwise have the same effect).

`_values` specs ...
  This is used to complete values (strings) and their arguments or lists of such values. It can be used in two ways.

  If the first argument is the option ``-O` name', this will be used in the same way as by the `_arguments` function, in other words the elements of the name array will be given to calls to `compadd` and when executing an action.

  Otherwise, if the first argument (or the first argument after the ``-O` name' option if that is used) is the option ``-s`', the next argument is used as the character that separates multiple values. Thus the values completed appear in the same word on the command line, unlike completion using `_arguments`.

  The first argument (after the options and separator character if they are given) is used as a string to print as a description before listing the values.

  All other arguments describe the possible values and their arguments in the same format used for the description of options by the `_arguments` function (see above). The only differences are that no minus or plus sign is required at the beginning, that values can have only one argument and that those forms of actions beginning with an equal sign are not supported.

  The character separating a value from its argument can be set using the option `-S` (like `-s`, followed by the character to use as the separator in the next argument). If this option is not used, the equal sign will be used as the separator.

  Example:

      _values -s , 'description' \
              '*foo[bar]' \
              '(two)*one[number]:first count:' \
              'two[another number]::second count:(1 2 3)'

  This describes three possible values: ``foo`', ``one`', and ``two`'. The first is described as ``bar`', takes no argument and may appear more than once. The second is described as ``number`', may appear more than once, and takes one mandatory argument described as ``first count`' for which no action is specified so that it will not be completed automatically. The ``(two)`' at the beginning says that if the value ``one`' is on the line, the value ``two`' will not be considered to be a possible completion anymore. Finally, the last value (``two`') is described as ``another number`' and takes an optional argument described as ``second count`' which will be completed from the strings ``1`', ``2`', and ``3`'. The `_values` function will complete lists of these values separated by commas.

  Like `_arguments` this function temporarily adds another context name component to the current context name while executing the action. Here this name is just the name of the value for which the argument is completed.

  To decide if the descriptions for the values (not those for the arguments) should be printed, the style `verbose` is used.

  One last difference from `_arguments` is that this function uses the associative array `val_args` to report values and their arguments, although otherwise this is the same as the `opt_args` association used by `_arguments`. This also means that the function calling `_values` should declare the `state`, `line`, `context` and `val_args` parameters as in:

      local context state line
      typeset -A val_args

  when using an action of the form ``->`string'. With this function the `context` parameter will be set to the name of the value whose argument is to be completed.

  Note also that `_values` normally adds the character used as the separator between values as an auto-removable suffix so that users don't have to type it themselves. But when using a ``->`string' action `_values` can't do that because the matches for the argument will be generated by the calling function. To get the usual behaviour, the implementor of the calling function has to add the suffix directly by passing the options ``-qS` x' (where x is the separator character specified with the `-s` option of `_values`) to the function generating the matches or to the `compadd` builtin.

  Like `_arguments`, `_values` supports the `-C` option in which case you have to make the parameter `curcontext` local instead of `context` (as described above).

`_wanted` [ `-C` name ] [ `-12VJ` ] tag name descr command args ...
  In many contexts, completion will generate one particular set of matches (usually corresponding to a single tag); however, it is still necessary to decide whether the user requires matches of this type. This function is useful in such a case.

  Like `_requested`, it should be passed arguments as for `_description`. It calls `_tags` with the given tag and if that returns zero (so that the tag is requested by the user) it calls `_description`. Hence to offer only one tag and immediately use the description generated:

      _wanted tag expl 'description' \
          compadd matches...

  Unlike `_requested`, however, `_wanted` cannot be called without the command. This is because `_wanted` also implements the loop over the tags, not just the one for the labels; conversely, it should not be called in the middle of a `_tags` loop.

  Note that, as for `_requested`, the command has to accept the options that have to be passed down to `compadd`.

  Like `_tags` this function supports the `-C` option to give a different name for the argument context field.

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## 19.7 Completion Directories

In the source distribution, the files are contained in various subdirectories of the `Completion` directory. They may have been installed in the same structure, or into one single function directory. The following is a description of the files found in the original directory structure. If you wish to alter an installed file, you will need to copy it to some directory which appears earlier in your `fpath` than the standard directory where it appears.

`Base`
  The core functions and special completion widgets automatically bound to keys. You will certainly need most of these, though will probably not need to alter them. Many of these are documented above.

`Zsh`
  Functions for completing arguments of shell builtin commands and utility functions for this. Some of these are also used by functions from the `Unix` directory.

`Unix`
  Functions for completing arguments of external commands and suites of commands. They may need modifying for your system, although in many cases some attempt is made to decide which version of a command is present. For example, completion for the `mount` command tries to determine the system it is running on, while completion for many other utilities try to decide whether the GNU version of the command is in use, and hence whether the `--help` option is supported..

`X`, `AIX`, `BSD`, ...
  Completion and utility function for commands available only on some systems.

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This document was generated by Peter Stephenson on August, 9 2002 using texi2html