IM_SHARPEN(3)

NAME
im_sharpen - simple coring edge enhancement

SYNOPSIS
#include <vips/vips.h> int
im_sharpen( in, out, mask_size, x1, y2, y3, m1, m2 )
IMAGE *in, *out;
int mask_size;
double x1, y2, y3;
double m1, m2;

DESCRIPTION
This function selectively sharpens the L* channel of a LABPACK coded image. It is suitable for preparing an image for printing, where edges need to be boosted to compensate for blurring introduced by the half-tone process, and also for giving any additional `crispening' required. The function operates as:
  in convolve u
  --+-------> mask_size by -----> LUT out
    | mask_size (see -----> add ----->
    | s below) ^
    +---------------------------> |
    | |
    +--------------------------------------------+ In other words, the L* channel is smoothed with a block average function of size mask_size by mask_size and this smoothed image is subtracted from the original L* to generate a high-frequency signal (s-u in the diagram above). This high-frequency signal is passed through a look-up table specified by the x1, y2, y3, m1 and m2 parameters and added back to the original L* channel to generate the sharpened image. The LUT is shaped as:
                      ^
                   y2 |- - - - - -----------
                      | /
                      | / slope m2
                      | .../
              -x1 | ... |
  -------------------...---------------------->
              | ... | x1 s - u
              |... slope m1
              / |
             / m2 |
            / |
           / |
          / |
         / |
  ______/ _ _ _ _ _ _ | -y3
                      | When trying to understand the meaning of these parameters, it is helpful to imagine a cross-section through an image. Sharpening filters boost apparent sharpness by performing the following transformation. Consider a cross-section through a soft edge:
                      ^
                      | ..........
                      | ....
                      | ...
                      | ..
                      |.
  --------------------+------------------->
                     .|
                   .. |
                ... |
            .... |
  .......... |
                      | This becomes an enhanced edge, perhaps:
                      ^
                      | ... overshoot
                      | . .
                      | . ............
                      | .
                      |.
                       .
                      .
  --------------------+------------------->
                      .
                     .|
                     .|
                    . |
  ............. . |
               . . |
    undershoot ... |
                      | There are two features: the transition from black to white has become steeper, and there are positive and negative undershoots and overshoots. As a general guide, some overshoot is good for printing (it helps exaggerate the edge), but not too much, as you will start to see strong white fringes. Undershoot introduces black lines, which are less intrusive, so you can allow more under- than over-shoot. im_sharpen uses the x1 parameter to distinguish between low and high frequency areas. Pixels which differ by less than x1 L* units from their local average are sharpened by factor 1+m1, and pixels which differ by more than x1 are sharpened by factor 1+m2. y2 and y3 set limits on the amount of positive and negative sharpening we allow. For printing, we recommend the following settings:
   mask_size == 7
   x1 == 1.5
   y2 == 20 (don't brighten by more than 20 L*)
   y3 == 50 (can darken by up to 50 L*)
   m1 == 1 (some sharpening in flat areas)
   m2 == 2 (more sharpening in jaggy areas) If you want more or less sharpening, we suggest you just change the m1 and m2 parameters. For an extreme sharpen, you might try:
   m1 == 2
   m2 == 4 And for a relatively gentle sharpen, perhaps:
   m1 == 0.5
   m2 == 1.5 If you want to adjust the x1 parameter, it can be helpful visualise its effect by setting:
   m1 == -2
   m2 == 4 In other words, heavily blur flat areas, and heavily sharpen elsewhere. This creates a terrible-looking image, but you will be able to see clearly what parts of your image are being classified as flat. The y2 and y3 parameters need not usually be adjusted, unless you wish to reduce the strength of the finges. The mask_size parameter changes the width of the fringe and can be adjusted according to the output printing resolution. As an approximate guideline, use 3 for 4 pixels/mm (CRT display resolution), 5 for 8 pixels/mm, 7 for 12 pixels/mm and 9 for 16 pixels/mm (300 dpi == 12 pixels/mm). These figures refer to the image raster, not the half-tone resolution. Note that pixels on the extreme edges of the image are untouched, since they have no local average.

RETURN VALUE
The function returns 0 on success and -1 on error.

SEE ALSO
im_conv(3), im_compass(3X), im_fastcor(3X).

COPYRIGHT
National Gallery and Birkbeck College, 1995

THANKS TO
Lindsay!